iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Long-term ecosystem research: understanding the present to shape the future

marcus.schaub@wsl.ch (Schaub M) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Schaub M

LONG-TERM ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH: UNDERSTANDING THE PRESENT TO SHAPE THE FUTURE

Abstract: (n/a)

Keywords: (n/a)

iForest 3: 81 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0536-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=536

REVIEW ARTICLE: Impacts of climate change on the establishment, distribution, growth and mortality of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.)

simon.boden@iww.uni-freiburg.de (Boden S et al.) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Boden S, Pyttel P, Eastaugh CS

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT, DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF SWISS STONE PINE (PINUS CEMBRA L.)

Abstract: Anticipated future climate changes are expected to significantly influence forest ecosystems, particularly in treeline ecotones. Climate change will have both direct and indirect effects on the future distribution of alpine tree species, some of which will be positive and others negative. Although increased temperatures are on the whole likely to have a positive impact on growth and distribution of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.), indirect effects that influence seed dispersal may threaten the population viability of species. The complexity of the interrelations between climatic and non-climatic factors demands further research, which should include long-term monitoring.

Keywords: Swiss stone pine, Treeline, Climate change, Distribution shift, Tree growth, Mortality

iForest 3: 82-85 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0537-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=537

REVIEW ARTICLE: Monitoring the effects of air pollution on forest condition in Europe: is crown defoliation an adequate indicator?

mjacob@gwdg.de (Johnson J & Jacob M) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Johnson J, Jacob M

MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON FOREST CONDITION IN EUROPE: IS CROWN DEFOLIATION AN ADEQUATE INDICATOR?

Abstract: Forest condition in Europe is monitored under the International Co-operative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). The focus of the program is to provide an overview of the status of forest ecosystems in Europe with respect to air pollution and contribute to the understanding of the relationship between pollution and forest health. Crown condition parameters, i.e., defoliation and discoloration, are used as the principal indicators of forest condition within the ICP Forest network. Crown condition assessments have been successful in disproving the “forest die-back” hypothesis. However, there are a number of limitations associated with this approach given the current monitoring objectives. Data from crown condition assessments indicate that stand age and country differences explain most of the variation in crown defoliation. It is difficult to clearly discern the effects of air pollution from other site and stress factors. The results do however indicate the role of meteorology and other factors. A better understanding of the relationships between forest condition and air pollution may be achieved if more specific, quantitative response variables are selected. However, we suggest that the original focus of the program on air pollution effects may need to be re-evaluated.

Keywords: Air pollution, Forest health, Monitoring, Crown condition, Defoliation

iForest 3: 86-88 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0538-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=538

REVIEW ARTICLE: Indicators of drought effects in Pinus sylvestris: genetic analyses to corroborate the results of empirical methods

lechner-robert@web.de (Lechner RAB & Rigal A) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Lechner RAB, Rigal A

INDICATORS OF DROUGHT EFFECTS IN PINUS SYLVESTRIS: GENETIC ANALYSES TO CORROBORATE THE RESULTS OF EMPIRICAL METHODS

Abstract: Drought periods can be responsible for substantial damage in forests. Different studies have used empirical methods to measure the impact of drought on trees. More recently, huge advances in genomics have allowed finding potential genetic markers involved in drought resistance or tolerance. In this paper we review some empirical and genomic approaches that have been published in the literature. We suggest that a combination of these two types of approaches allows a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to drought resistance or tolerance.

Keywords: Drought, Pinus sylvestris, Resistance, Genetic markers

iForest 3: 89-91 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0539-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=539

REVIEW ARTICLE: Separating soil respiration components with stable isotopes: natural abundance and labelling approaches

emanuelbraig@web.de (Braig E & Tupek B) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Braig E, Tupek B

SEPARATING SOIL RESPIRATION COMPONENTS WITH STABLE ISOTOPES: NATURAL ABUNDANCE AND LABELLING APPROACHES

Abstract: Due to the potential of forest ecosystems contributing to CO2 increase as well as to climate change mitigation, forest-atmosphere CO2 exchange has been intensively studied over last decades. However, the contribution of individual components of belowground carbon pools is still poorly known. In particular, there is no unequivocal means to separate root respiration (autotrophic) from heterotrophic respiration by soil microflora and fauna. Most studies investigating soil respiration disturbed the soil and tried to exclude autrophic respiration. Here we review alternative non invasive methods to separate the two components. Those methods share the application of the stable carbon isotope 13C, using either local changes in natural abundance of 13CO2 or artificial labelling of trees with CO2 enriched or depleted in 13C. We conclude that the applicability of natural stable isotope methods is still limited in forest ecosystems because only in a few cases there are large enough differences in 13C among soil carbon pools (usually due to the earlier presence of a C4 canopy, which is seldom in forests). On the other hand, artificial labelling with CO2 either enriched or depleted in 13C is now in a widely used for partitioning soil respiration components. However, recent findings gave clear evidence that measurements of soil CO2 efflux can be substantially influenced by the return efflux of the abiotic label. Still, especially the combination of Free Air Carbon Enrichment (FACE) with dual δ13C and δ18O stable isotope approach has the potential to provide new answers on the response sensitivity of turnover dynamics of the largest belowground soil carbon storage to elevated temperature and CO2.

Keywords: Carbon stable isotopes, Labelling, Natural abundance, Autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration

iForest 3: 92-94 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0541-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=541

REVIEW ARTICLE: Drought-induced mortality of Scots pines at the southern limits of its distribution in Europe: causes and consequences

arnaud.giuggiola@wsl.ch (Giuggiola A et al.) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Giuggiola A, Kuster TM, Saha S

DROUGHT-INDUCED MORTALITY OF SCOTS PINES AT THE SOUTHERN LIMITS OF ITS DISTRIBUTION IN EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Abstract: Several severe drought events have been reported in southern Europe during recent decades. Drought has been found to increase the mortality of the southernmost populations of Scots pine forests in Mediterranean countries and in dry inner-alpine valleys. Therefore the ongoing global climate change is likely to endanger Scots pine in future decades. Carbon starvation might be the main cause of the increasing mortality rate due to less carbon uptake and consequently to high susceptibility to biotic attacks. Forest management, in particular, thinning and shrub removal could decrease the intensity of drought stress by decreasing competition for water resources and thus increasing carbon uptake. The ongoing climate change and adaptive forest management will both play an important role for the sustainability of this specie across southern regions of Europe.

Keywords: Scots pine, Drought, Tree mortality, Tree vitality, Europe, Thinning, Shrub removal

iForest 3: 95-97 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0542-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=542

REVIEW ARTICLE: Remote sensing-supported vegetation parameters for regional climate models: a brief review

hooman.latifi@felis.uni-freiburg.de (Latifi H & Galos B) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Latifi H, Galos B

REMOTE SENSING-SUPPORTED VEGETATION PARAMETERS FOR REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELS: A BRIEF REVIEW

Abstract: Land surface plays a key role in a climate system. Thus, the land surface description will become increasingly important for climate modelling by its feedbacks on the climate. Various forms of active/passive remotely sensed data are nowadays being used to provide continuous and up-to-date information on the earth’s surface on both global and regional scales. This information is useful to be included in climate models. This review summarizes how LAI and albedo, two of the most important land surface parameters, could be derived from remote sensing. Whereas the high acquisition frequency, accessibility, and spatial continuality are referred to potential advantages, the scaling is still a drawback which may cause further problems such as incompatibility of different remote sensing data sources for a specific climate model. Moreover, issues like shadow and atmospheric effects are often problematic, especially when optical remote sensing is applied. Here, suggestions for improvement are made and open questions are pointed out.

Keywords: Regional climate models, Forest and vegetation parameters, Active and passive remote sensing

iForest 3: 98-101 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0543-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=543

REVIEW ARTICLE: Open top chamber and free air CO2 enrichment - approaches to investigate tree responses to elevated CO2

Katerina.Machacova@ctp.uni-freiburg.de (Machacova K) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Machacova K

OPEN TOP CHAMBER AND FREE AIR CO2 ENRICHMENT - APPROACHES TO INVESTIGATE TREE RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO2

Abstract: Open Top Chamber (OTC) and Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) are currently the prevailing approaches to study plant responses to elevated carbon dioxide. Method-inherent characteristics of either method distinctively influence results. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are reviewed here, leading to the conclusion that Open Top Chambers seem to be more suitable for investigating the physiological responses of single trees to high levels of carbon dioxide, while Free Air CO2 Enrichment systems are more useful for studying the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on whole forest ecosystems since they have a large diameter, thus allowing to work with larger trees. Free Air CO2 Enrichment systems also provide a natural microclimate, thus leading to ecologically more meaningful results. Methods involving Screen-Aided CO2 Control (SACC) are proposed as a compromise eliminating disadvantages and combining advantages of both the Open Top Chamber and the Free Air CO2 Enrichment methods. Considering the wide variety of experiments under a range of additional environmental factors it is difficult to identify a typical bias that may be inherent in the data generated by the Open Top Chamber and the Free Air CO2 Enrichment. Meta analysis of large number of past studies revealed that Open Top Chamber experiments produce a stronger growth enhancing effect of carbon dioxide than Free Air CO2 Enrichment experiments. Future comparative discussion of Open Top Chamber and Free Air CO2 Enrichment data needs to take into account this potential bias to yield biologically meaningful interpretations.

Keywords: Open Top Chamber (OTC), Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE), Tree response to elevated CO2, Screen-Aided CO2 Control, Chamber effect, Experimental bias, Elevated CO2 treatment

iForest 3: 102-105 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0544-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=544

REVIEW ARTICLE: Increasing dissolved organic carbon concentrations in freshwaters: what is the actual driver?

carina.sucker@forst.bwl.de (Sucker C & Krause K) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Sucker C, Krause K

INCREASING DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN FRESHWATERS: WHAT IS THE ACTUAL DRIVER?

Abstract: Since the beginning of the 1990s, an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has been observed in rivers and lakes in various parts of Europe and North America. The processes responsible for the increased DOC concentrations are complex and not entirely understood. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the recent debate about increases in the DOC concentrations in surface water and their possible drivers.

Keywords: Dissolved organic carbon, Atmospheric deposition, Freshwater, Climate change

iForest 3: 106-108 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0546-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=546

REVIEW ARTICLE: Field experiments using CO2 enrichment: a comparison of two main methods

achille.mauri@epfl.ch (Mauri A) — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Mauri A

FIELD EXPERIMENTS USING CO2 ENRICHMENT: A COMPARISON OF TWO MAIN METHODS

Abstract: The dramatic increase in global atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past century is hypothesized to have significant impacts on the earth system. To understand the effects of elevated CO2 on terrestrial ecosystems, two main methods have been used to simulate an increase of CO2 in a semi-controlled field setting: 1) Open Top Chambers (OTC); and 2) Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). The OTC method has been applied to study the components of forest ecosystems at small scale by manipulating seedlings or isolated juvenile trees, but is not able to address ecosystem processes as a whole. For technical reasons, OTC cannot be used to consider scaling issues, interaction with the boundary layer, and competition among species. To address these issues FACE technology was developed. FACE enables longer-term studies in larger plots, and allows studies of plant processes such as leaf area and canopy development, canopy energy balance and canopy gas exchange. In this review, I synthesize results from literature, in particular from meta-analysis techniques applied either to OTC or FACE. The results are qualitatively similar: CO2 enrichment leads to reduced stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen, and enhanced photosynthesis and production. However, photosynthesis and crop yield were lower in FACE experiments than OTC, while starch content was higher. These results provide support for ecosystem model simulations, and help fill the gap between individual plants, forest and regional ecosystem. Neither OTC nor FACE can provide a clear indication of the regional-scale feedbacks between atmosphere and vegetation that might be expected under elevated CO2. To address this issue, further research is needed.

Keywords: Photosynthesis, Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment FACE, Open top chamber, Carbon sequestration, Forest ecosystem

iForest 3: 109-112 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0545-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=545

TECHNICAL REPORT: The treatment of land use, land use change and forestry in the post-2012 climate agreement: a perspective from non-Annex I Parties

geagalluzzi@yahoo.it (Federici S & Galluzzi G) — Mon, 17 May 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Federici S, Galluzzi G

THE TREATMENT OF LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY IN THE POST-2012 CLIMATE AGREEMENT: A PERSPECTIVE FROM NON-ANNEX I PARTIES

Abstract: Given the greater vulnerability of developing countries to climate change, their paramount interest is to establish effective mitigation policies including the land use and forestry sectors as part of the post-2012 Climate Agreement. In this context, an accounting system for land use, land use change and forestry acceptable to non-Annex I Parties can arise only if critical elements in current accounting rules are removed and a solution to data uncertainties is found. Indeed, current accounting rules oppose the fundamental principles outlined in the both Convention on climate change and in the Kyoto protocol. They require accounting of only a portion of land-use activities and exclude forest management, give special provisions to exclude some net emissions from accounting, do not require the use of a reference level in quantifying net emissions and risk remunerating business as usual mitigation actions. Encouragingly, the current negotiation text contains options which, if adopted, would define an accounting system capable of responding to developing countries’ expectations. These options include the establishment of a national reference level suited to country-specific circumstances and other measures to ensure that only truly additional mitigation actions are remunerated and that all anthropogenic net emissions on managed lands are included. Finally, the opportunity of applying the principle of conservativeness in the future accounting routine is discussed, as a straightforward and effective instrument to correct uncertain estimates and therefore to reduce the risks of assigning an incorrect amount of credits and debits in this complex sector.

Keywords: Forests, Land use, Mitigation, Accounting, Kyoto Protocol

iForest 3: 56-58 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0533-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=533

REVIEW ARTICLE: Integration of forest mapping and inventory to support forest management

piermaria.corona@unitus.it (Corona P) — Mon, 17 May 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Corona P

INTEGRATION OF FOREST MAPPING AND INVENTORY TO SUPPORT FOREST MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Forest inventory and forest mapping can be considered as monitoring and assessment applications that respond to different demands. However, the integration of mapping and inventory provides an effective framework for the support of forest management from multiple perspectives: (i) use of thematic maps for stratifying the inventory sample for the purpose of improving the precision of inventory estimates; (ii) coupling remotely sensed and sample inventory data for the purpose of constructing maps of inventoried forest attributes; (iii) coupling remotely sensed data and sample inventory data for the purpose of improving the precision of the inventory estimates; (iv) using inventory data as prior information to support thematic mapping; and (v) using inventory data to correct map areal estimates. This paper aims to provide general considerations on this integration issue in the form of a scientific review and commentary discussion.

Keywords: Thematic mapping, Forest inventory, Monitoring and assessment programs, Remote sensing, Probability sampling

iForest 3: 59-64 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0531-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=531

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Diversity, distribution and vegetation assessment in the Jahlmanal watershed in cold desert of the Lahaul valley, north-western Himalaya, India

yas_rawat@yahoo.com (Rawat YS et al.) — Mon, 17 May 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Rawat YS, Vishvakarma SCR, Oinam SS, Kuniyal JC

DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND VEGETATION ASSESSMENT IN THE JAHLMANAL WATERSHED IN COLD DESERT OF THE LAHAUL VALLEY, NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

Abstract: Relict vegetation in the Jahlmanal watershed is sparsely and scantily distributed on forest land. Farmers maintain tree species (Salix spp., Populus spp., Hippophae rhamnoides) on the boundaries of terraced agriculture fields to meet the fodder and fuel wood requirements. Juniperus macropoda was found in relict forest patches in sparse and stunted conditions. The density of Salix fragilis was 3340 trees ha-1 under agroforestry and 5520 trees ha-1 under forestry. The density of J. macropoda was 4200 tree ha-1 in natural forest followed by 700 tree ha-1 in agroforestry and 160 tree ha-1 in managed forestry systems. The agroforesty system of the watershed consists of 30% trees, 35% small trees and 35% shrubs species. Shrubs contributed the highest density with 59.1% of the total, followed by density of trees (29.5%) and small trees (11.3%). Trees contributed highest basal area in all the three systems, i.e., agroforestry, forestry and forest. The relict forest patches are subjected to deforestation due to anthropogenic pressure, hence in-situ and ex-situ conservation are required. Efforts are needed for plantation of ecologically suitable multipurpose tree species with indigenous species in the watershed. Technological interventions are also required to improve the quality and resistance against drought and climate change.

Keywords: Vegetation analysis, Agroforestry, Forestry, Forest, Watershed, Lahaul valley, Cold desert, Indian Himalaya

iForest 3: 65-71 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0532-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=532

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Monitoring spatial and temporal pattern of Paneveggio forest (northern Italy) from 1859 to 2006

tattonic@ing.unitn.it (Tattoni C et al.) — Mon, 17 May 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Tattoni C, Ciolli M, Ferretti F, Cantiani MG

MONITORING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERN OF PANEVEGGIO FOREST (NORTHERN ITALY) FROM 1859 TO 2006

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a forest cover analysis over a time span of 150 years in a protected area of Eastern Trentino (Northern Italy), Paneveggio Pale di S. Martino Nature Park. With the aid of Grass GIS two historical maps (1859 and 1936) and a set of aerial photographs taken from 1945 to 2006 have been analysed, orthorectified and classified with a supervised method, in order to derive a series of forest cover maps. Techniques applied and problems encountered in using heterogeneous material are discussed. The research shows that from 1859 to the present the increase of forest cover is about 25%, due to the reduced impact of forestry and farming. Timberline dynamics have also been considered; an average growth of about 1 m/year has been estimated for the last 150 years and the data have been compared with the timberline cartography and to field surveys. Timberline estimation for recent years appears to be affected mainly by lower human pressure while the relationship with climate changes is difficult to evaluate. Landscape metrics were used to quantify the changes in forest fragmentation and to identify three core areas that have remained unchanged over time. This case study fills a gap of knowledge about the history of forest cover in the area, shows how multi temporal analysis can support protected area management. This study has been requested by the Park managers, a sign t that landscape planners are becoming aware of past landscape importance.

Keywords: Forest cover change, Timberline, Alps, Historical landscape, Landscape change, Aerial photography, Historical forestry maps, Spatial pattern, Park management, GIS

iForest 3: 72-80 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0530-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=530

COMMENTARY: What happened to forests in Copenhagen?

giacomo.grassi@jrc.it (Grassi G et al.) — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Grassi G, Federici S, Pilli R

WHAT HAPPENED TO FORESTS IN COPENHAGEN?

Abstract: After the chaotic final days of the Copenhagen climate conference, many saw only fog, i.e., an unclear outcome and much uncertainty on future steps to take. Were the forests lost in this fog or some tree is still visible, possibly suggesting a path to take? This commentary will briefly analyse the outcome of the Copenhagen conference with respect to the main forestry issues under debate: LULUCF (Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry, i.e., mainly forest CO2 removals in industrialized countries) and REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries).

Keywords: Forest, Climate Change, LULUCF, REDD, Kyoto

iForest 3: 30-32 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0529-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=529

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Long-term implications of traditional forest regulation methods applied to Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) forests in central Spain: a century of management plans

fbravo@pvs.uva.es (Bravo F et al.) — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Bravo F, Osorio LF, Pando V, Del Peso C

LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF TRADITIONAL FOREST REGULATION METHODS APPLIED TO MARITIME PINE (PINUS PINASTER AIT.) FORESTS IN CENTRAL SPAIN: A CENTURY OF MANAGEMENT PLANS

Abstract: Pinus pinaster stands in the northern Iberian range (Spain) have been under forest management plans for more than a century. The main goals have been sustainable yield and conservation and enhancement of forest conditions. In the study area, forest management plan implementation started to be effective in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the plans have been evaluated every ten years. In these forests, a permanent forest compartment method has been applied as the management system. Different regeneration methods have been applied (uniform shelterwood and clear cutting in Soria, selective and uniform shelterwood and continuous cover forestry in Teruel). To analyse the evolution of each forest group, five management indicators have been tested in this study: number of merchantable trees, standing volume, resin production, allowable yield, and harvested volume. Forest situation improvement and maintenance of forest integrity are not only a consequence of the actions planed by foresters, they are also influenced by socio-economic transformations that have occurred during the last century such as the weakness of the resin market, decreasing demand for fire wood, restriction of pasture activities, and increasing recreation use.

Keywords: Forest regulation, Indicators, Standing volume, Harvest volume, Pinus pinaster Ait.

iForest 3: 33-38 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0526-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=526

RESEARCH ARTICLE: The role of palm husbandry in the rural economy of the south-eastern region of Bangladesh

Parvez_200207@yahoo.com (Rana MP & Islam MS) — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Rana MP, Islam MS

THE ROLE OF PALM HUSBANDRY IN THE RURAL ECONOMY OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN REGION OF BANGLADESH

Abstract: An exploratory study was conducted in Feni, a south-eastern district of Bangladesh to explore the role of palm husbandry in the rural economy. A total of 48 households in the study area were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Based on the total annual income, the farmers were categorized into three groups as high-income group, medium income group and low-income group. Palm tree contributes 26,000 Tk, 22,740 Tk and 18,300 Tk respectively to the three-income group annually (1 US$ = 69 Tk). Palm trees contribute 46% of total annual income to low-income group followed by 19% to medium income group and 14% to high-income group. Incase of overall income of all the respondents, 26% income comes from palm trees. Besides this, palms provide a multitude of useful products ranging from fuelwood to materials for construction, tools and handicrafts. However the poor marketing system result in decreasing the annual return from palm trees. Palm husbandry could be a promising source of rural incomes in Bangladesh if the farmers’ traditional management knowledge was linked to more scientific management practices.

Keywords: Agroforestry, Palm, Economics, Rural, Bangladesh

iForest 3: 39-43 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0528-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=528

RESEARCH ARTICLE: A state-and-transition approach to alpine grasslands under abandonment

stefano.targetti@unifi.it (Targetti S et al.) — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Targetti S, Staglianò N, Messeri A, Argenti G

A STATE-AND-TRANSITION APPROACH TO ALPINE GRASSLANDS UNDER ABANDONMENT

Abstract: The abandonment of the traditional pastoral practices is acknowledged as the main causes of the shrub-encroachment in the alpine semi-natural grasslands. In this paper, we proposed a state-and-transition approach in order to organize pastoral vegetation in a simple management-oriented framework integrating ecological data. The study sites were chosen in an inner alpine territory where the abandonment of pastoral practices was more evident than in other alpine regions. Cluster and fuzzy analysis applied to botanical data allowed the classification of six pastoral types and the assessment of the main overlaps between them. Non-parametric tests on Landolt nutrients indices, slope and distance from farm allowed the identification of a gradient linked with nutrients and pastoral practices intensity from rich pastures to shrub encroached pastures. Moreover, the implementation of the available information in a state-and-transition model (STM) allowed us to hypothesize the presence of an ecological threshold between grass-dominated and shrub-dominated grasslands and the identification of the at-risk pastoral types in the shrub-encroachment dynamics.

Keywords: Pastoral types, State-and-transition model, Shrub encroachment, Landolt ecological indices, Grazing management

iForest 3: 44-51 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0525-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=525

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Roadside grassland vegetation in an oak forest, Oak Creek Wildlife Area, the Cascade Range, USA

tsuyu@ees.hokudai.ac.jp (Tsuyuzaki S & Titus JH) — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Tsuyuzaki S, Titus JH

ROADSIDE GRASSLAND VEGETATION IN AN OAK FOREST, OAK CREEK WILDLIFE AREA, THE CASCADE RANGE, USA

Abstract: Roadside grassland vegetation in a Quercus garryana forest, that is one of the dominant species in west Cascade, on the Oak Creek Wildlife Area, Naches, Washington, USA, was investigated to determine the patterns of human impact on the vegetation along mountain trails. Vegetation and environmental data were collected on forty-eight 50 cm × 50 cm plots. Plot cover ranged from 3 to 100% (1 to 8 species) and most of the cover was from exotic species. In order to explore vegetation patterns the following environmental variables were measured: slope, tree canopy area, bare area, distance from road, and litter thickness. The vegetation data and environmental variables were examined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). CCA showed that canopy area played important roles in vegetation development. Litter thickness and soil firmness also seemed to be related to the vegetation pattern. Distance from the road affected plant cover but was not related to canopy area, and litter thickness, suggesting that the distance was not a prime determinant on the vegetation pattern a priori. Species richness was the highest in mid-vegetation cover plots, i.e., 40-60%. An exotic plant, Sisymbrium officinale, increased in frequency with a decrease in vegetation cover, and two exotic plant species, Achillea millefolium and Anthoxanthum odoratum, occurred with S. officinale. S. officinale may be a good indicator for evaluating environmental deterioration. The preservation of canopy cover is of prime importance for nature conservation in forested recreational areas.

Keywords: Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), Oak forest, Roadside, Litter thickness, Species indicator

iForest 3: 52-55 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0527-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=527

COMMENTARY: Harmonizing forest inventories and forest condition monitoring - the rise or the fall of harmonized forest condition monitoring in Europe?

ferretti@terradata.it (Ferretti M) — Fri, 22 Jan 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Ferretti M

HARMONIZING FOREST INVENTORIES AND FOREST CONDITION MONITORING - THE RISE OR THE FALL OF HARMONIZED FOREST CONDITION MONITORING IN EUROPE?

Abstract: Considerable attention was received by the proposed “harmonization” process between forest condition monitoring (FCM) and “traditional” national forest inventories (NFIs) networks. While some harmonization has been achieved and documented within the FCM at European level, it is not so for NFIs. Since the two systems may show remarkable differences also at country level, the extent to which a fully harmonized European-scale FCM-NFI system can be achieved is rather uncertain, if ever possible. In contrast, different harmonization perspectives may be considered at national level: (i) harmonization of assessment/measurement methods, (ii) functional integration of network while keeping them separate, and (iii) full integration of networks. Unfortunately while the cost-benefit balance of this harmonization processes was not clarified, actions were already undertaken that may lead to the disruption of the FCM data series initiated in the 1980s. The conclusion of the process may be ironical: will the current effort in “harmonizing” NFIs and FCM results into the disruption of the European-wide longest and most harmonized time series of forest condition data?

Keywords: Networks, Time series, Harmonization, Integration, Forest

iForest 3: 1-4 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0518-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=518

TECHNICAL REPORT: Post-fire forest management in southern Europe: a COST action for gathering and disseminating scientific knowledge

barbati.sisfor@unitus.it (Barbati A et al.) — Fri, 22 Jan 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Barbati A, Arianoutsou M, Corona P, De Las Heras J, Fernandes P, Moreira F, Papageorgiou K, Vallejo R, Xanthopoulos G

POST-FIRE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN EUROPE: A COST ACTION FOR GATHERING AND DISSEMINATING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

Abstract: Every year about 45 000 forest fires occur in Europe, burning half a million hectares of forests and rural lands; between 1995 and 2004, more than 4 million hectares burned in the Mediterranean Region alone. Post-fire management of burned areas has been given much lesser attention than combating or preventing fires. However, important questions raise public concern and call for sound scientific knowledge to undertake appropriate post-fire actions: e.g., how to evaluate fire damages in economical terms? How to manage burned areas? Is it possible to establish, in the long-term, less flammable and more fire resilient forests and landscapes? To address these questions, a network of researchers and practitioners working in the field of fire ecology and forest management from all around Europe has been established in the frame of “COST Action FP0701-Post-Fire Forest Management in Southern Europe”, supported by the European Union Research and Technology Development Framework Program. The Action aims to: i) develop and disseminate scientifically based decision criteria for planning post-fire forest management, from the stand to the landscape level; ii) translate this scientific knowledge into management practices; iii) connect scientists and stakeholders for exchanging experiences, evaluating these practices, and putting them into practice. To achieve these objectives the scientific groups involved will a) review and summarize the current scientific knowledge on post-fire management in Europe, by gathering and evaluating the results of previous and ongoing research; b) translate this knowledge into technical recommendations, by producing thematic reports, a book on the state-of-the-art of scientific knowledge on post fire assessment, and an electronic handbook on post-fire restoration; c) disseminate this knowledge to stakeholders, practitioners and decision makers. Besides publications and a project website already active (http://uaeco.biol.uoa.gr/cost/), training schools and one major conference will be organized. Although focused on Southern Europe, the outcomes of this Action will be crucial for central and northern European countries as well, as climate change and land use changes often leading to more homogeneous and expanding forest areas are already increasing fire hazard in those regions.

Keywords: Post-fire forest management, Post-fire restoration and rehabilitation, Forest and landscape resilience, Knowledge transfer, Southern Europe

iForest 3: 5-7 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0523-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=523

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Wildfire cause analysis: four case-studies in southern Italy

raffaella.lovreglio@unibas.it (Lovreglio R et al.) — Fri, 22 Jan 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Lovreglio R, Leone V, Giaquinto P, Notarnicola A

WILDFIRE CAUSE ANALYSIS: FOUR CASE-STUDIES IN SOUTHERN ITALY

Abstract: Forest fires in Italy are mainly caused by humans, and directly depend on social behavior, whether voluntary (arson) or involuntary (negligence). Despite the progress in knowledge made with studying the physical facets of the phenomenon, causes and motives of human-related fire remain mostly unknown. This paper proposes the implementation of the Delphi method (an interactive expert-questionnaire process) in order to assess why fires are ignited. In four study cases, within a high fire incidence area (southern Italy), the Delphi technique identified as major cause of negligence the use of fire in agriculture and, as major causes of voluntary fires, motives related to seasonal labor. The main results in terms of frequency are: (i) for involuntary events (negligence), experts unanimously identified the relevant importance of negligent use of agricultural fires, particularly stubble burning (13.99% of responses). For (ii) voluntary fires (arson), results highlight the relative importance of fires ignited by seasonal workers as an instrument to force or maintain employment (8.41% of responses).

Keywords: Delphi method, Fire causes, Agricultural fires, Ignition motives, Arson fires, Negligent fires, Panel of fire experts

iForest 3: 8-15 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0521-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=521

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Shrub facilitation of Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens regeneration in a wooded pasture in central Sardinia (Italy)

livio.bianchi@unifi.it (Alias S et al.) — Fri, 22 Jan 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Alias S, Bianchi L, Calamini G, Gregori E, Sioni S

SHRUB FACILITATION OF QUERCUS ILEX AND QUERCUS PUBESCENS REGENERATION IN A WOODED PASTURE IN CENTRAL SARDINIA (ITALY)

Abstract: In the woodlands of Sardinia, as in many other areas of the Mediterranean region, grazing of domestic animals is still very common, though often in the absence of any sustainable management logic or technique. The present work analyzes the effects of excessive grazing pressure on a wooded pasture in the municipality of Orgosolo (Nuoro province), emphasizing the effects on the natural regeneration of the oak species (Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens). This study has revealed the positive effects of the interaction between shrubs and seedlings of tree species. Crataegus monogyna proved to be the most efficient shrub species in favouring the establishment and growth of saplings; Rubus ulmifolius is efficient in the establishing phase but somewhat less so in the following stages. The other shrub species (Prunus spinosa, Genista pichi-sermolliana, Stachys glutinosa) play a lesser facilitating role. Despite the fact that seedlings are found in more than half (56%) of the shrub patches, the average age of the seedlings (14±0.6 yrs) and their small average size (height 24±1.4cm) lead to think that the present grazing pressure is incompatible with any concrete chance of success for their natural regeneration.

Keywords: Shrub facilitation, Tree regeneration, Wood pasture management, Overgrazing, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens

iForest 3: 16-22 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0517-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=517

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Implications of ecotourism development in protected areas: a study from Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh

parvez_200207@yahoo.com (Rana MP et al.) — Fri, 22 Jan 2010 09:00:01 GMT

Rana MP, Sohel MSI, Mukul SA, Chowdhury MSH, Akhter S, Alam M, Chowdhury Q, Koike M

IMPLICATIONS OF ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PROTECTED AREAS: A STUDY FROM REMA-KALENGA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, BANGLADESH

Abstract: This article is based on visitors profile study of protected area based tourist spots of Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS), Bangladesh to ascertain the potential of ecotourism. Study findings shows that 69% male constitute the visitors group while the maximum number of visitors was found in the age of below 30 years. Most of the visitors were literate and among them 43% visitors were student. Most (53%) of visitors preferred to get recreation in holidays as they were employed. Visitors were highly preferred to come with friends group. About 92% respondents showed positive mind to come here in future while 89% respondents view that park has tourism potential. Most of the respondents reported the presence of wildlife (48%) most notable followed by plant diversity and tribal community as recreational. From χ2 test it is found that highly significance association present between tourism potentiality of the wildlife sanctuary and some demographic variable like income of tourists (χ2 = 49.138, p < 0.000), visiting pattern (χ2 = 19.344, p < 0.000), education of tourists (χ2 = 50.226, p < 0.000), travelling distance (Km - χ2 = 11.427, p < 0.022), duration of staying (χ2 = 12.867, p < 0.002), frequency of visit (χ2 = 8.456, p < 0.015), visiting time (χ2 = 6.530, p < 0.011), problem in the study area (χ2 = 14.962, p < 0.021), occupation of tourists (χ2 = 8.848, p < 0.031). If the problems addressed by the visitors were solved, RKWS would be a bright place of eco-tourism in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Ecotourism, Protected area, Tourism potential, Visitors, Bangladesh

iForest 3: 23-29 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0520-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=520

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Networking sampling of Araucaria araucana (Mol.) K. Koch in Chile and the bordering zone of Argentina: implications for the genetic resources and the sustainable management

ge2macum@uco.es (Drake F et al.) — Tue, 22 Dec 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Drake F, Martín MA, Herrera MA, Molina JR, Drake-Martin F, Martín LM

NETWORKING SAMPLING OF ARAUCARIA ARAUCANA (MOL.) K. KOCH IN CHILE AND THE BORDERING ZONE OF ARGENTINA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Araucaria araucana, a southern South American tree species, is considered a representative symbol of Chilean forest biodiversity due to its endemicity and longevity. An expedition to Chile and its border zone with Argentina was carried out with the aim of determining the current state of this species and to establish a tree network to study its genetic variability. Eight locations were selected across the range of distribution of the species and several experimental plots were established based on the heterogeneity within each location. Field trips revealed a high fragmentation in Araucaria forests showing low or non-existent regeneration in most of its distribution area. Experimental plots allowed the identification of severely altered areas. Moreover, 371 trees were catalogued, 193 males and 178 females. The tree network established will be very useful in future evaluations of both the ecological status of the species and its genetic resources, allowing the development of conservation strategies.

Keywords: Araucaria araucana, biodiversity, ecological attributes, genetic resources

iForest 2: 207-212 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0524-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=524

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Juvenile growth response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to sudden change of climatic environment in SE European trials

cm@emk.nyme.hu (Mátyás C et al.) — Tue, 22 Dec 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Mátyás C, Bozic G, Gömöry D, Ivankovic M, Rasztovits E

JUVENILE GROWTH RESPONSE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA L.) TO SUDDEN CHANGE OF CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT IN SE EUROPEAN TRIALS

Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse provenance tests of beech situated close to the south-eastern continental limits of the species, in order to develop a response model of adaptation and plasticity of populations on evolutionary-ecological basis, following sudden climatic changes, as a result of transplanting. Modelling of juvenile height was performed with the help of ecodistance variables. The concept of transfer analysis and ecodistance is based on the hypothesis that phenotypic response to macroclimatic changes depends on the inherited adaptive potential of the population and on the magnitude and direction of experienced environmental change. In common garden experiments, the transfer to the planting site is interpreted as simulation of environmental change. The application of ecodistance of transfer for evaluating common garden experiments provides much needed quantitative information about response of tree populations to predicted climatic changes. The analysis of three field experiments of European beech in SE Europe indicates that macroclimatic adaptation patterns exist in juvenile growth and justify restrictions of use of reproductive material on the basis of evolutionary ecology. The presented model illustrates that response to climatic change is regionally divergent, depending on testing conditions and on hereditary traits. In particular, climatic warming in the central-northern part of the range may lead to production increase. However, under the stressful and uncertain conditions at the lower (xeric) limit of the species, growth depression and vitality loss are predicted. The deviating behaviour of higher elevation provenances support their separate treatment. The results may be utilised in climate change adaptation and mitigation policy in forestry and nature conservation, to revise rules for use of reproductive material and also for validating evolutionary and ecological hypotheses related to climate change effects.

Keywords: Genetic adaptation, Provenance test, Common garden, Phenotypic stability, Ecodistance, Fagus sylvatica

iForest 2: 213-220 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0519-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=519

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Growth patterns of Pinus sylvestris across Europe: a functional analysis using the HYDRALL model

nole@unibas.it (Magnani F et al.) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Magnani F, Nolè A, Ripullone F, Grace J

GROWTH PATTERNS OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS ACROSS EUROPE: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS USING THE HYDRALL MODEL

Abstract: The variability of Pinus sylvestris growth over two geographic transects across Europe has been explored through a process-based forest growth model (Hydrall: HYDRaulic constraints on ALLocation) which accounts for the effects of environmental conditions not only on short-term gas exchanges, but also on allocation and tree structure. The model has been validated against both eddy-covariance and growth data under contrasting environmental conditions. Forest growth was found to be reduced by low temperatures (-50%) and water stress (-37%) at the opposite extremes of the natural range of the species. Application of a functional model made it possible to partition growth reductions between individual processes. Gross primary production was severely affected by low temperatures and short vegetative periods at the northern extreme of the specific range (-53%), and by low air and soil humidity at the southern limit (-26%). The ratio between net and gross primary production was found to be rather constant across the temperate region, only increasing in the boreal zone in response to low temperatures (+20%). Under dry conditions, on the contrary, a substantial proportion of the reduction in aboveground productivity was attributed to the need to allocate increasing amounts of resources to fine root production and maintenance (+16%). Both short and long-term responses should be considered in the prediction of climate change impact on forests.

Keywords: Allocation, ANPP, Geographic variation, GPP, Precipitation, Scots pine, Temperature

iForest 2: 162-171 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0516-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=516

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Status and socio-economic significance of wetland in the tropics: a study from Bangladesh

parvez_200207@yahoo.com (Rana MP et al.) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Rana MP, Chowdhury MSH, Sohel MSI Akhter S, Koike M

STATUS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF WETLAND IN THE TROPICS: A STUDY FROM BANGLADESH

Abstract: This study was carried out in the adjacent communities of the Hakaluki haor, the largest inland freshwater wetland of Bangladesh to explore their socio-economic status and haor-based livelihood dependency. Hakaluki haor is a poverty stricken region with 37% households falling into extreme poor group having monthly income of Tk 2 000.00 only. More than half of the community view Hakaluki haor as the vital source of livelihoods. The surrounding community is dependent on the haor in varying degree (15% totally dependent, 32% moderately and 53% less) with a variety of livelihood activities like fishing and related profession (32%), duck rearing (29%), cattle rearing (28%), fuel wood collection (6%), sand extraction (3%) and reed collection (2%). The average annual household incomes from fishing of naturally available fish, pisciculture and NTFPs collection are Tk 21 701.35, Tk 31 524.83 and Tk 2 704.80, respectively. The haor serves as the source of fuel for cooking to a majority of the community (48%). The respondents identified over-exploitation of fish resources, use of excessive pesticides and gradual increase of human settlement in and around the haor as the most threatened events. With the designation as Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) by the government, immediate attempts should be taken to ensure sustainable utilization of the haor resources. Development of integrated management plan with a provision of the participation of local stakeholders may become the possible way of conserving this wetland.This study was carried out in the adjacent communities of the Hakaluki haor, the largest inland freshwater wetland of Bangladesh to explore their socio-economic status and haor-based livelihood dependency. Hakaluki haor is a poverty stricken region with 37% households falling into extreme poor group having monthly income of Tk 2 000.00 only. More than half of the community view Hakaluki haor as the vital source of livelihoods. The surrounding community is dependent on the haor in varying degree (15% totally dependent, 32% moderately and 53% less) with a variety of livelihood activities like fishing and related profession (32%), duck rearing (29%), cattle rearing (28%), fuel wood collection (6%), sand extraction (3%) and reed collection (2%). The average annual household incomes from fishing of naturally available fish, pisciculture and NTFPs collection are Tk 21 701.35, Tk 31 524.83 and Tk 2 704.80, respectively. The haor serves as the source of fuel for cooking to a majority of the community (48%). The respondents identified over-exploitation of fish resources, use of excessive pesticides and gradual increase of human settlement in and around the haor as the most threatened events. With the designation as Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) by the government, immediate attempts should be taken to ensure sustainable utilization of the haor resources. Development of integrated management plan with a provision of the participation of local stakeholders may become the possible way of conserving this wetland.

Keywords: Livelihood, Wetland, NTFPs, Hakaluki haor, Bangladesh, Asia

iForest 2: 172-177 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0512-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=512

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Plant cover evolution and naturalisation of revegetated ski runs in an Apennine ski resort (Italy)

giovanni.argenti@unifi.it (Argenti G & Ferrari L) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Argenti G, Ferrari L

PLANT COVER EVOLUTION AND NATURALISATION OF REVEGETATED SKI RUNS IN AN APENNINE SKI RESORT (ITALY)

Abstract: Revegetation on ski runs is performed to limit soil erosion, to reduce visual impact and to lengthen the duration of snow cover. Commercial forage mixtures are often used and the mid-long term aim is to obtain a high level of colonisation by species of the local flora to ensure the ecological integration of restored areas. The naturalisation of the artificial canopy is affected in a remarkable way by the local environmental conditions and by management of the swards. To contribute to the knowledge of this process, data collected in an Apennine ski resort on several ski runs revegetated in different years and located at different elevations (from 1020 to 1745 m a.s.l.) are reported. Botanical analyses were also conducted on natural areas located at different altitudes and close to the ski tracks to assess the level of naturalisation reached by the artificial canopy. Results showed the effectiveness of the revegetations performed, even though they were carried out with very simple mixtures. Data collection allowed to evaluate the rapidity of the naturalisation process which is mainly affected by the height of the ski slope and years since sowing. Evolution of swards over time demonstrated that, in the environment studied, characterised by low altitude, the speed of colonisation by native species is considerably higher than that reported in previous studies carried out in different alpine environments located at upper elevations.

Keywords: Revegetation, Botanical composition, Native species, Floristic richness

iForest 2: 178-182 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0511-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=511

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Nutrients (N, P and K) dynamics associated with the leaf litter of two agroforestry tree species of Bangladesh

mahmoodhossain@hotmail.com (Mahmood H et al.) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Mahmood H, Limon SH, Rahman MS, Azad AK, Islam MS, Khairuzzaman M

NUTRIENTS (N, P AND K) DYNAMICS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LEAF LITTER OF TWO AGROFORESTRY TREE SPECIES OF BANGLADESH

Abstract: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh.) and Swietenia macrophylla (King.) are not native to Bangladesh, but they are widely used in agroforestry practices for their commercial values. Selection of tree species with efficient return of nutrients is a vital challenge in agroforestry practices to maintain the soil fertility for sustainable crop production. Therefore, a comparative study was conducted on nutrients (N, P and K) leaching from leaf litter of E. camaldulensis and S. macrophylla in laboratory condition. The initial dry weight of leaf litter of E. camaldulensis and S. macrophylla were significantly (p<0.05) decreased to 18% and 10%, respectively at the end of the experiment. Eucalyptus camaldulensis showed comparatively (t-test, p<0.05) higher rate of weight loss, conductivity and TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) of leached water. Comparatively, higher amount of N (48 μg g-1) was released from leaf litter of E. camaldulensis whereas higher amount of P (0.8 µg g-1) and K (23 mg g-1) from S. macrophylla, leaf litter and both the species showed similar pattern of nutrient (K>N>P) release during the leaching process. Nutrients (N, P and K) concentration in leaf litter of these species showed significant (p<0.05) negative exponential curvilinear relationships with the weight loss. Result of this study suggests that E. camaldulensis is the best in terms of N return and S. macrophylla the best in terms of P and K return.

Keywords: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Leaching, Nutrient cycling

iForest 2: 183-186 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0510-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=510

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Wood-soil interactions in soil bioengineering slope stabilization works

mcm@unitus.it (Moscatelli MC et al.) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Moscatelli MC, Romagnoli M, Cenfi S, Lagomarsino A, Di Tizio A, Spina S, Grego S

WOOD-SOIL INTERACTIONS IN SOIL BIOENGINEERING SLOPE STABILIZATION WORKS

Abstract: In this work we propose the use of soil quality indicators with the aim of assessing the environmental impact of soil bioengineering works. This study was carried out in central Italy where soil bioengineering slope stabilization works were established using chestnut wood. In particular the goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of a wood-effect, that is changes of soil properties due to the presence of decomposing logs in two sites characterized by different time span since works setting up. The presence of the logs did not affect soil physico-chemical properties. Conversely, soil biochemical properties such as soil microbial biomass, basal and cumulative respiration activities as well as microbial indexes, were influenced by the presence of the logs confirming the role of these bioindicators as early predictors of changes occurring in soil. Although a general positive trend was observed for the biochemical properties at both sites with respect to the control soils, significant differences were recorded mainly at the site where works were established six years before soil sampling. Soil bioengineering slope stabilization works establish a positive feed-back which ultimately can benefit plants; in fact the increase in microbial mineralization activity can enhance nutrient cycling and thus promote adequate growth conditions for the plant cuttings used in the wooden-work.

Keywords: Wood decomposition, Microbial biomass, Microbial respiration, Soil quality, Soil bioengineering

iForest 2: 187-191 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0513-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=513

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Forest and tourism: economic evaluation and management features under sustainable multifunctionality

geremia.gios@unitn.it (Gios G & Clauser O) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Gios G, Clauser O

FOREST AND TOURISM: ECONOMIC EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT FEATURES UNDER SUSTAINABLE MULTIFUNCTIONALITY

Abstract: The ways in which forests have been used and managed by man have been modified substantially over time in relation to both changes in the economic and social needs of communities and the visions of the world that these have embraced. In recent times, as regards the flows of utility guaranteed by forests, increasing interest has been focused on recreational aspects of the landscape. Such interest derives from both the importance, highlighted by numerous studies, of this aspect and its connection with tourism. The latter phenomenon is undergoing strong growth and is able to trigger important processes of local development. Within this framework, the present study advances some preliminary considerations on the relationships which, from the standpoint of sustainable local development, exist between possible types of tourism and alternative methods of forest management. To this end, it first explores some characteristics of the forest landscape and their possible economic evaluation, in the light of the attributes of excludability and rivalry in consumption. The study then discusses the possible economic role of tourism and the contribution that a suitable forest landscape can make to the sector’s development. Finally, it sets in context modes of forest management and alternative types of tourism development.

Keywords: Sustainable forest management, Tourism, Landscape, Public goods, Local development

iForest 2: 192-197 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0514-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=514

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Spatial and temporal changes of Hyrcanian forest in Iran

mona_poorzady@yahoo.com (Poorzady M & Bakhtiari F) — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Poorzady M, Bakhtiari F

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES OF HYRCANIAN FOREST IN IRAN

Abstract: Original old-growth northern forests of Iran are essential sources of genetic variation, biodiversity, commercial woody products, and various environmental services (e.g., ground water reservation, auxiliary forest products provision, wildlife habitation, and erosion control). Today, the forests are depleting rapidly due to population growth, and associated socio-economic problems, industrial development, urbanism, and more recently intensive/irregular tourism. Satellite image processing and other geo-spatial tools have been used in Iran from the early 80’s to map the vegetative attributes of forests for environmental resource monitoring. This paper aims to build up a basic assumption of when and how the spectral, spatial and temporal features of satellite-borne remote sensing have been applied for the sustainable resource monitoring of the Caspian forests of Iran. To this end, available literature will be reviewed, specific features of the studies discussed in brief, and the future prospects for remote sensing-aided delineation of structural and functional characteristics of the forests will be outlined.

Keywords: Iranian Caspian forests, Natural resource monitoring and management, Remote Sensing, Satellite-borne image analysis

iForest 2: 198-206 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0515-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=515

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Adaptation of forest landscape to environmental changes

giuseppe.scarascia@entecra.it (Scarascia-Mugnozza G) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Scarascia-Mugnozza G

ADAPTATION OF FOREST LANDSCAPE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Abstract: The 2008 Scientific Seminar of the European Forest Institute was held in Orvieto (Italy) in September 18-20, with the aim of improving the knowledge and exchange of research results in the following fields: (1) relationship between ecological functions (productivity, biogeochemical cycles, genetic biodiversity) at the landscape scale; (2) landscape management tools for environmental amelioration and restoration as planting trees, forest and agroforestry, that are also relevant for the agro-environmental measures of the New Agricultural Policy of the EU and Forest Action Plan; (3) valuation of various forest-related functions, with special emphasis on forest tourism.

Keywords: Ecological functions, Landascape management, Agroforestry, Forest tourism

iForest 2: 127 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0509-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=509

REVIEW ARTICLE: Landscape genetics of fragmented forests: anticipating climate change by facilitating migration

rene.smulders@wur.nl (Smulders MJM et al.) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Smulders MJM, Cobben MMP, Arens P, Verboom J

LANDSCAPE GENETICS OF FRAGMENTED FORESTS: ANTICIPATING CLIMATE CHANGE BY FACILITATING MIGRATION

Abstract: Habitat fragmentation is a threat to the survival of species and causes population decline, as isolated populations are more susceptible to demographic and genetic stochasticity. This can be compensated for by sufficient spatial connectivity between habitat patches to allow dispersal of individuals among populations. In that case such a network of populations may effectively form a metapopulation. In this paper we discuss some aspects of metapopulation theory, notably with respect to maintaining genetic diversity in fragmented forest patches. In addition we will discuss recent studies that explore ways for forest management to anticipate and mitigate the expected climate change, in relation to range shifts and colonisation opportunities.

Keywords: Genetic diversity, Management, Connectivity, Habitat fragmentation

iForest 2: 128-132 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0505-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=505

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Payments for forest environmental services: organisational models and related experiences in Italy

paola.gatto@unipd.it (Gatto P et al.) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Gatto P, Pettenella D, Secco L

PAYMENTS FOR FOREST ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: ORGANISATIONAL MODELS AND RELATED EXPERIENCES IN ITALY

Abstract: In the last decades, with the rapid structural changes in society and in consumers’ attitudes at both global and local scale, forest landowners and managers are facing a complex and multi-faceted demand, in which the role of forest services - recreation, landscape, biodiversity, C-sequestration amongst others - has become increasingly important. New forest policy tools are therefore required to create or consolidate the shift in forest management from the traditional production function towards more multi-stakeholders and multi-functional goals. On the basis of the existing theoretical background and by means of three explanatory-exploratory case-studies chosen amongst the few experiences present in Italy, the paper seeks to analyse the potentials and challenges in different organisational PES models applied to the provision of forest services in the country, with a special focus on tourism-related environmental services. The analysis shows that the markets for the various forest services have different drivers, sizes and levels of maturity. Performances in effectiveness, efficiency and equity are also highly variable. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for new private and mixed private-public initiatives need therefore to be further explored before assessing the true potential for implementing PES in Italy.

Keywords: Payments for environmental services, Market-based instruments, Forests, Italy

iForest 2: 133-139 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0504-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=504

SHORT COMMUNICATION: The Polish landscape changing due to forest policy and forest management

piotr.mederski@up.poznan.pl (Mederski PS et al.) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Mederski PS, Jakubowski M, Karaszewski Z

THE POLISH LANDSCAPE CHANGING DUE TO FOREST POLICY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of policy application in Poland affecting landscape and forest management changes designed for an ecological restoration. “Ecological” policy was introduced in Poland in 1991 (Bill on Forests) and 1995-1999 (Decree 11 and 11A). To analyse the effectiveness of the policy and its impact on landscape change, the study uses five selected indicators: 1) species distribution, 2) methods of final felling, 3) forest functions in terms of protection and economic role, 4) cost structure and 5) wood production. The analysis shows that some of the ecological ideas were applied years before official documents were issued: species composition change, in favour of broadleaves has been carried out since 1945; since 1975, considerable growth in protective areas has been observed, doubling from 22.5 to 47.5% by 2006; timber resources have also grown by 50% in the last 35 years. After 1991, when the new policy was introduced, change in these indicators was more rapid. More direct and visible examples of policy applications in the last 15 years are observed in 1) the reduction of clearcuts: in 2005 this was at its lowest level in comparison with the previous 15 years and amounted to 19.9%; 2) the focus on protection: the cost of forest and fire protection in 2006 was the third largest expense in the State Forests budget, special attention was paid to reconstruction in order to increase water retention, 3) the afforestation process: this has doubled in intensity in the last decade compared with the previous decade. Nevertheless, organised landscape change is also accompanied by natural calamities, of which fires and windbreaks are most severe.

Keywords: Landscape change, Forest policy, Ecological restoration

iForest 2: 140-142 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0503-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=503

REVIEW ARTICLE: Avoidance by early flushing: a new perspective on Dutch elm disease research

a.santini@ipp.cnr.it (Ghelardini L & Santini A) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Ghelardini L, Santini A

AVOIDANCE BY EARLY FLUSHING: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON DUTCH ELM DISEASE RESEARCH

Abstract: European elms (Ulmus glabra Huds., Ulmus laevis Pall. and Ulmus minor Mill.) have been severely damaged and are still endangered by an alien hypervirulent pathogen, Ophiostoma ulmi s. l., agent of the Dutch elm disease (DED). Consequently, several ex situ clone collections have been established throughout Europe for elm breeding and conservation. In this paper we summarise the studies carried out within the EU project RESGEN CT96-78, which launched the EU-coordinated evaluation of these collections. Our aim was to analyse the variation in timing of bud burst and to acquire basic knowledge on the environmental control of this adaptive trait in European elms, under the hypothesis that DED susceptibility is related to spring phenology. The variation in the bud burst date of European elms among collections and years was explained by a phenological model assuming that the thermal time required for bud burst decreases exponentially with increasing chilling during winter down to a level where chilling requirement is fully met. According to the fitted curves, European elms have low dormancy and short chilling requirement for dormancy release. Although no simulation was performed, on the basis of the model applied we can hypothesise that under climate warming elms would flush earlier in most of Europe. The bud burst date was directly related to latitude and elevation in U. minor. The order of bud burst of clones from different origins was stable among years. The observed geographic trends were largely determined by differences in chilling requirements that increased with latitude and elevation. Susceptibility to DED varied greatly within U. minor and was directly correlated with geographic origin and bud burst date, southern and early flushing clones showing the least symptoms. Our results suggest that early flushing represents a mechanism of disease avoidance owing to asynchrony between host’s susceptible period and time of natural infection by DED vectors (Scolytus). This escape mechanism, combined with true resistance and avoidance owing to unattractiveness for the vector’s feeding, might be exploited for breeding DED-resistant clones of indigenous species.

Keywords: Bud burst phenology, DED, Disease escape, Elm, Ulmus, Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis

iForest 2: 143-153 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0508-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=508

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Assessing water quality by remote sensing in small lakes: the case study of Monticchio lakes in southern Italy

agostino.ferrara@unibas.it (Mancino G et al.) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Mancino G, Nolè A, Urbano V, Amato M, Ferrara A

ASSESSING WATER QUALITY BY REMOTE SENSING IN SMALL LAKES: THE CASE STUDY OF MONTICCHIO LAKES IN SOUTHERN ITALY

Abstract: In order to investigate bio-physical parameters associated with water quality, a model based on calibrated and atmospherically corrected Remotely Sensed data has been implemented. Secchi Disk depth and chlorophyll concentration parameters were estimated in a system of very small lakes at Monticchio (Italy) using Landsat TM data. The model was developed through the use of stepwise multiple regression and gave high coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.82 for Secchi Disk and R2 = 0.72 for chlorophyll). Values for water transparency were strongly correlated with chlorophyll a concentration: a linear relationship between the two parameters showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.93). The case study shows that the application of this approach on lakes with a small surface area, such as the Monticchio lakes in Southern Italy, is effective and the developed model well describes the water quality parameters.

Keywords: Water quality, Landsat, chlorophyll, Secchi Disk transparency, Remote Sensing, Monticchio Lakes

iForest 2: 154-161 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0507-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=507

COMMENTARY: The genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation: the case of forests

andre@dsa.unipr.it (Piotti A) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Piotti A

THE GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION: THE CASE OF FORESTS

Abstract: Habitat fragmentation is one of the most serious threats to plant biodiversity at the within-population level. Growing attention on the genetic effects of habitat fragmentation is reflected in the 2008 publication of several review papers. In general, fragmentation showed a negative effect on the genetic variability of plant populations. However, for forest trees the genetic signal of fragmentation seems less clear. Here I discuss the development of less explored issues that can help to clarify some unresolved questions about tree responses to fragmentation. In particular, the understudied effect of delay in sexual maturity and the need for accurate estimates of gene flow are taken into account. I finally underline the potential role of the Italian peninsula as an open-sky laboratory for forest fragmentation studies.

Keywords: Conservation genetics, Range limits, Genetic diversity, Gene flow

iForest 2: 75-76 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0496-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=496

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Establishment of a planted field with Mediterranean shrubs in Sardinia and its evaluation for climate mitigation and to combat desertification in semi-arid regions

pda@unitus.it (De Dato GD et al.) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

De Dato GD, Loperfido L, De Angelis P, Valentini R

ESTABLISHMENT OF A PLANTED FIELD WITH MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBS IN SARDINIA AND ITS EVALUATION FOR CLIMATE MITIGATION AND TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS

Abstract: Forested areas are important in arid and semi-arid regions primarily to combat desertification, but also to increase carbon sinks. To reverse the land degradation processes, restoration in the Mediterranean Basin had been frequently obtained by planting indigenous and exotic conifers, but it has been demonstrated that shrubs are nurse species for tree seedlings. Furthermore, planting indigenous shrubs is more efficient than allochthonous in restoring degraded soils. The aims of this work were: 1) to illustrate an experimental area in Sardinia used as a test-site to build up afforestation and reforestation activities in arid and semi-arid areas with autochthonous shrub species; 2) to show the results on plant survival and biomass one year after plantation trying to explain the role of different densities and specific compositions; 3) to hypothesize some trends of C accumulation of this “artificial” Mediterranean semi-arid shrubland by comparison with data found in the literature. The area is located in North West Sardinia, and is characterized by a Mediterranean climate. The revegetation was set up in February 2006, planting local species (Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacia lentiscus and Rosmarinus officinalis). Three densities and three specific compositions (monospecific plots with P. lentiscus, monospecific plots with J. phoenicea and mixed plots with the three cited species) were combined. One month after plantation, almost all plants were alive, but mortality increased after summer, independently of the treatments, likely due to summer drought. During the first year, no differences among the densities and the specific compositions were observed. Total above-ground biomass was in the range of 0.8-3.0 g m-2. Below-ground biomass was in the range of 0.9-1.7 g m-2. A significant lower biomass was measured in October, especially in the Pistacia plots. Higher densities and plant mixing seemed to better perform, allowing establishment of species with a strong pioneer behaviour and aridity resistant characteristics. Data collection on initial conditions and recurrent monitorings will be basic for evaluating in the long term the potential positive effects on C stock and on biodiversity of afforestation activities in arid and semi-arid areas.

Keywords: C stock, Mediterranean shrubland, Restoration

iForest 2: 77-84 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0498-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=498

RESEARCH ARTICLE: The recreational valuation of a natural forest park using travel cost method in Iran

hooman.latifi@felis.uni-freiburg.de (Sohrabi Saraj B et al.) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Sohrabi Saraj B, Yachkaschi A, Oladi D, Fard Teimouri S, Latifi H

THE RECREATIONAL VALUATION OF A NATURAL FOREST PARK USING TRAVEL COST METHOD IN IRAN

Abstract: One of the most important benefits of a forest, which can be considered over the revenue yielded from timber and other wood based products, is the recreational benefits for visitors. Considering the novelty and necessity of evaluating bio-environmental economics of forest parks in developing countries such as Iran, the present study will focus on the evaluation of the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for a northern Iranian Forest park (Abbas Abad-Behshahr as a case study) utilizing one of the worldwide common methods of evaluation (Travel Cost Method). Based on the method, the park was considered as the centre of the fivefold region as concentric circles. The number of visitors was determined using questionnaires and the park’s value was determined by estimation of the visitors access cost using Travel Cost Method. Furthermore, the economic value extracted timber products of the neighbouring forestry plan was reckoned. The calculated factor was then compared to the economic value of the park. As a result, the park’s recreational value was judged to be much more than produced timber values. Therefore, it is concluded that the unparalleled natural, historical and bio-environmental values of the park would be preserved by planning an appropriate and well- programmed management system, considering the unique conditions of the Park. Thus, it can fulfil the recreational requirements of the people in the local/national scale.

Keywords: Recreational evaluation, Abbas Abad Forest Park, Travel Cost Method (TCM), Willingness to Pay (WTP)

iForest 2: 85-92 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0497-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=497

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Community based forest management and its impact on vegetation: a case study

phani_bot@rediffmail.com (Kumar P et al.) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Kumar P, Hate S, Chaturvedi A

COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON VEGETATION: A CASE STUDY

Abstract: The main focus of this case study was to reveal richness, uniqueness and economic importance of the minor forest producing species (MFPs). International Forest Resources and Institutions (IFRI) techniques were used to collect biophysical information pertaining to forest, vegetation and socio economy of dwellers. Ninety plots were demarcated to represent all types of vegetation and linked to social and institutional parameters. The regeneration status of the plant species was correlated to different resource utilization management practices, which includes harvesting practices as well as associated anthropogenic disturbances. The present paper tries to relate the usage of minor forest produces and its reflection on richness and diversity of the ecosystem. With above objects in mind, this paper brings out the role of community forest management and its impact on vegetation and sustainable development of aboriginals based on successive field work from three villages, Markegaon, Devulgaon and Ranvahi of Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra, India. An attempt has been made to develop a model for sustainable development and management of minor forest producing species.

Keywords: Sustainable development, Minor forest produces, Conservation of biodiversity, Community forestry, Forest analysis

iForest 2: 93-98 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0490-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=490

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Fuel moisture sampling and modeling in Pinus elliottii Engelm. plantations based on weather conditions in Paraná - Brazil

mgiongo@gmail.com (Alves MVG et al.) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Alves MVG, Batista AC, Soares RV, Ottaviano M, Marchetti M

FUEL MOISTURE SAMPLING AND MODELING IN PINUS ELLIOTTII ENGELM. PLANTATIONS BASED ON WEATHER CONDITIONS IN PARANá - BRAZIL

Abstract: Fuel moisture content is essential to estimate several fire behavior variables. The objective of the present study was to estimate fuel moisture through meteorological variables. The field materials used for this purpose were the accumulated needles found on the ground of a Pinus elliottii Engelm. plantation of the Federal University of Paraná Experimental Station, located in Rio Negro county, Paraná State, southern Brazil (26º04’S lat., 49º45’W long.). To determine fuel moisture content, two sampling methods were tested: the first method consisted in collecting samples of fuel in plastic baskets and subsequently weighing them approximately every two hours, while the second method consisted in collecting, approximately every two hours, a series of different samples directly from the forest floor, and weighing them. All the samples collected on site were then oven dried for moisture determination. Comparing both methods, it was found that the best results were obtained using the samples collected directly from the forest floor and that the best fitting equation included air temperature and wind speed.

Keywords: Forest fire, Forest plantation, Pine, Modeling

iForest 2: 99-103 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0489-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=489

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Workshop COST E52 “Evaluation of beech genetic resources for sustainable forestry”

raffaello.giannini@unifi.it (Giannini R & von Wühlisch G) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Giannini R, von Wühlisch G

WORKSHOP COST E52 “EVALUATION OF BEECH GENETIC RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY”

Abstract: The main objective of the COST Action E52 “Evaluation of Beech Genetic Resources for Sustainable Forestry” is to make predictions of the future distribution range of beech forest ecosystems under the assumption of certain scenarios of climate change, based on the analysis of the reaction pattern of European beech populations of defined origin (progenies of natural beech stands) under changed climate situations in sets of pan European field trials. The results obtained will facilitate the joint evaluation of the genetic resources of beech for better economic utilization under observation of the requirements for a sustainable forest management. The MC5 and WGs meeting of the COST Action E52 has been held from the 17th to the 19th of April, 2008, in Florence (Italy). During this workshop oral presentations on beech have been given, and a selection of them is reported in the current issue of this journal.

Keywords: Fagus sylvatica, Climate change, Provenance trials, Genetic variability

iForest 2: 104 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0500-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=500

REVIEW ARTICLE: Structure and management of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Italy

susanna.nocentini@unifi.it (Nocentini S) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Nocentini S

STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA L.) FORESTS IN ITALY

Abstract: Beech forests characterise the landscape of many mountain areas in Italy, from the Alps to the southern regions. This paper analyses the relationship between stand structure and the management history of beech in Italy. The aim is to outline possible strategies for the sustainable management of these forest formations. The present structure of beech forests in Italy is the result of many interacting factors. According to the National Forest Inventory, more than half the total area covered by beech has a long history of coppicing. High forests cover 34% of the total beech area and 13% have complex structures which have not been classified in regular types. Coppices are very widespread mainly because of the past, but also present importance of firewood and charcoal for mountain populations. A particular type of beech coppice, the selection coppice (or uneven aged coppice), was traditional in Tuscany and in some alpine areas. Starting from the fifties, following the widespread use of other low cost energy sources and the depopulation of mountain areas, many beech coppices have been progressively abandoned. Forest policies have been increasingly directed to favouring beech coppice conversion to high forests, which are considered more productive and ecologically more functional. Beech high forests have a very interesting management history which is a very good example of the separation between classical forest management, i.e., forest management systems defined by “scientific forestry”, described in text books and usually prescribed in forest regulation plans, and real life forest management, i.e., how forests have been, and mostly still are, actually managed. The analysis of the management history of beech high forests in Italy shows that management systems which favour simplified stand structure and composition according to rigid, predetermined models have been rarely applied. However, the traditional silviculture of beech stands in Southern Italy, based on the opening of very small gaps organized in time and space according to the different situations and to the reactions of the stand, can provide an example for a sustainable approach.

Keywords: Sustainable forest management, Coppice, Gaps, Traditional silviculture, Continuous cover forestry

iForest 2: 105-113 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0499-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=499

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Effects of abiotic stress on gene transcription in European beech: ozone affects ethylene biosynthesis in saplings of Fagus sylvatica L.

ernst@helmholtz-muenchen.de (Betz GA et al.) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Betz GA, Gerstner E, Olbrich M, Winkler JB, Langebartels C, Heller W, Sandermann H, Ernst D

EFFECTS OF ABIOTIC STRESS ON GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN EUROPEAN BEECH: OZONE AFFECTS ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS IN SAPLINGS OF FAGUS SYLVATICA L.

Abstract: The influence of ozone (150-190 nl L-1; 8h/d) on transcription levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the stress hormone ethylene, and its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), was analysed in leaves of European beech saplings. Ozone-induced leaf lesions appeared 7 weeks after onset of ozone exposure. Cell lesion formation was preceded by persistent increases in ethylene emission, in the level of its malonylated precursor ACC, and in the transcript levels of specific ACC synthase 1 (ACS1), ACS2, ACC oxidase 1 (ACO1), and ACO2. Our results demonstrate that mechanisms similar to those operating in herbaceous plants may determine beech saplings responses to ozone exposure.

Keywords: Abiotic stress, Ethylene biosynthesis, Fagus sylvatica, Gene expression, Ozone

iForest 2: 114-118 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0495-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=495

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Identification and molecular characterization of LTR and LINE retrotransposable elements in Fagus sylvatica L.

giovanni.emiliani@unifi.it (Emiliani G et al.) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Emiliani G, Paffetti D, Giannini R

IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LTR AND LINE RETROTRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN FAGUS SYLVATICA L.

Abstract: Retrotransposable elements are important and peculiar genetic components derived from ancient retrovirus insertion inside plants genome. Their ability to move and/or replicate inside the genome is an important evolutionary force, responsible for the increase of genome size and the regulation of gene expression. Retrotransposable elements are well characterized in model or crop species like Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, but are poorly known in forest tree species. In this paper the molecular identification of retrotransposable elements in Fagus sylvatica L. is reported. Two retrotransposons, belonging to the two major classes of LTR and non-LTR elements, were characterized trough a SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) strategy. The analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple copies of retrotransposable elements inside the genome of beech, in accordance with the viral quasi-species theory of retrotransposon evolution. The cloning and sequencing of amplification products and a Cleaved Amplified Polymorphisms (CAPs) approach on the identified retrotransposons, showed a high level of diversity among the multiple copies of both elements. The identification of retrotransposable elements in forest trees represents an important step toward the understanding of mechanisms of genome evolution. Furthermore, the high polymorphism of retrotransposable elements can represent a starting point for the development of new genetic variability markers.

Keywords: Fagus sylvatica, Retrotransposons, Genome evolution, Genetic diversity

iForest 2: 119-126 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0501-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=501

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Change is in the air: future challenges for applied forest research

tognetti@unimol.it (Tognetti R & Cherubini P) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Tognetti R, Cherubini P

CHANGE IS IN THE AIR: FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR APPLIED FOREST RESEARCH

Abstract: Forests provide a wide range of benefits to people. Forest plantations on former agricultural land for commercial and restoration purposes may enhance ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. Incorporating these ecosystem services into resource management decisions is of paramount importance. Efforts towards the sustainable management of forest ecosystems for climate change mitigation give opportunities to establish a new relationship between researchers and forests. Growing and competing demands for food, biomass, timber, and environmental services is posing severe challenges to effective forest governance, considering the impact of global change. However, tree plantations can hardly match biological diversity and structural attributes of the original forest cover, which warrants for future sustainable mitigation through forest activities.

Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, Carbon sequestration, Climate change mitigation, Forest management

iForest 2: 56-58 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0492-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=492

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Testing a dual isotope model to track carbon and water gas exchanges in a Mediterranean forest

francesco.ripullone@unibas.it (Ripullone F et al.) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Ripullone F, Guerrieri MR, Saurer M, Siegwolf R, Jäggi M, Guarini R, Magnani F

TESTING A DUAL ISOTOPE MODEL TO TRACK CARBON AND WATER GAS EXCHANGES IN A MEDITERRANEAN FOREST

Abstract: Due to climate change, drier summers have been observed over the last ten years in Mediterranean areas. Increasing drought levels may have a different weight in influencing the stomatal versus photosynthetic activity of forests, altering the water-use efficiency (i.e., WUE, the amount of carbon gain per water lost) and, consequently, the global carbon balance. By combining leaf gas exchanges and leaf carbon/oxygen isotope measurements, we tested under Mediterranean conditions a semi-quantitative dual isotope model to track adjustments in stomatal conductance (gs) and maximum CO2 assimilation at saturating light (Amax) in response to changes in air and soil water availability. The experiment was established at Allumiere site (Rome, Italy) over the course of two consecutive years. There, we modified the amount of precipitation reaching the soil on water depleted (D) and watered (W) replicate plots (~100 m2) of an Arbutus unedo L. forest using a system of rain gutters and sprinklers, respectively. Changes in soil water availability affected gs and Amax in parallel. As an application of the model, we found that, in response to reduced air and soil water availability, constant carbon (δ13C) and increasing oxygen (δ18O) isotope values were consistent with a parallel decline of either gs and Amax. As a result of parallel decline, WUE did not differ or only slightly differed between treatments, in contrast with most of the studies that found a wide-spread increase of WUE in response to enhanced drought. This study highlights the potentiality of the dual isotope model to provide insights of forest ecosystem functioning in Mediterranean environments.

Keywords: Carbon assimilation, Drought, Isotope model, Arbutus unedo, Stomatal conductance, Water-use efficiency

iForest 2: 59-66 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0491-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=491

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Background, main results and conclusions from a test phase for biodiversity assessments on intensive forest monitoring plots in Europe

richard.fischer@vti.bund.de (Fischer R et al.) — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Fischer R, Granke O, Chirici G, Meyer P, Seidling W, Stofer S, Corona P, Marchetti M, Travaglini D

BACKGROUND, MAIN RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS FROM A TEST PHASE FOR BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTS ON INTENSIVE FOREST MONITORING PLOTS IN EUROPE

Abstract: The Forest Biodiversity Test phase Assessments (ForestBIOTA) project was carried out on 97 intensive monitoring plots located in 12 European countries. It aimed at the development and test implementation of monitoring methods for forest biodiversity across Europe. More specifically it covered the fields of (i) stand structure, (ii) forest deadwood, (iii) ground vegetation and (iv) epiphytic lichens. A forest type classification was applied in addition. The project took into account policy requirements stated by a number of political processes and institutions including the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Ministerial Conference for the Protection of Forests in Europe, the Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference and the European Union. Whereas detailed results of the assessments are presented in additional publications (Stofer et al. 2007, in prep, Meyer et al. 2007, submitted), this paper draws a number of general conclusions and gives recommendations for future development of forest biodiversity monitoring in Europe.

Keywords: Stand structure, Deadwood, Lichens, Vegetation, Forest types, Forest monitoring, ICP Forests, ForestBIOTA

iForest 2: 67-74 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0493-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=493

SHORT COMMUNICATION: An approach to measuring biodiversity and its use in analysing the effect of nitrogen deposition on woodland butterfly populations in the Netherlands

A.Feest@bristol.ac.uk (Feest A & Spanos K) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Feest A, Spanos K

AN APPROACH TO MEASURING BIODIVERSITY AND ITS USE IN ANALYSING THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON WOODLAND BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS

Abstract: The current use of the term biodiversity is problematic in that it is frequently reduced to a paradigm of species richness through the interpretation of the CBD definition that identifies variability as the operative factor. Species richness actually conveys the least amount of information of all of the possible indices that could be used so a data treatment process has been established whereby taxonomic groups that have been sampled in a well-structured way can yield data that can be far more informative. An example using “biodiversity quality” indices for macrofungi following entry into a bespoke computer programme (Fungib) shows that these data can be established and they are capable of being assessed for statistical difference either between sites or over time. A case study showing how this approach can provide information on the mechanism whereby nitrogen deposition affects butterflies is given. It is clear that this approach can be of considerable use in establishing progress towards achieving the 2010 target of reducing the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010 established by the CBD.

Keywords: Biodiversity quality, Butterflies, Macrofungi, Nitrogen critical load

iForest 2: 46-48 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0487-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=487

COMMENTARY: Clean air policy under the UNECE Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution: how are monitoring results “translated” to policy action

tor.johannessen@sft.no (Johannessen T) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Johannessen T

CLEAN AIR POLICY UNDER THE UNECE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION: HOW ARE MONITORING RESULTS “TRANSLATED” TO POLICY ACTION

Abstract: Concerning clean air policy, under the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution, the following themes are discussed: the history of observed effects; the public awareness and concern for the ecosystem health; the current scientific evidence; the development of the critical load concept, and its application for an effects-based abatement policy.

Keywords: Air pollution, Convention LRTAP, Monitoring, Critical loads

iForest 2: 49-50 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0476-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=476

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Linking critical thresholds for acidity to forest condition by using element contents in tree rings: consequences for the development of an integrated ecosystem assessment

Sabine.augustin@bafu.admin.de (Augustin S) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Augustin S

LINKING CRITICAL THRESHOLDS FOR ACIDITY TO FOREST CONDITION BY USING ELEMENT CONTENTS IN TREE RINGS: CONSEQUENCES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT

Abstract: In the frame of the International Co-operative Programme on the Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests, results are given here on the link of element fluxes through forests to Mn contents in tree rings in order to detect incipient soil acidification.

Keywords: Critical loads, Critical limits, Acidification, Soil chemistry, Tree rings

iForest 2: 51-53 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0473-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=473

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Future monitoring and research needs for forest ecosystems in a changing environment: an introduction

marcus.schaub@wsl.ch (Schaub M) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Schaub M

FUTURE MONITORING AND RESEARCH NEEDS FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: AN INTRODUCTION

Abstract: In order to identify future monitoring and research needs, a COST Strategic workshop on the role of “Forest ecosystems in a changing environment” assembled nearly 180 scientists from 30 countries in Istanbul on 11-13 March 2008. The workshop specifically tackled the fields of climate change and forests, ozone, atmospheric deposition and critical loads, biodiversity, as well as quality assurance in forest monitoring.

Keywords: Climate change, Ozone, Atmospheric depositions, Critical loads

iForest 2: 54-55 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0488-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=488

REVIEW ARTICLE: Biodiversity assessment in forests - from genetic diversity to landscape diversity

oliver.granke@vti.bund.de (Granke O et al.) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Granke O, Kenter B, Kriebitzsch WU, Köhl M, Köhler R, Olschofsky K

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT IN FORESTS - FROM GENETIC DIVERSITY TO LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

Abstract: Assessing biodiversity in forests requires a reliable and sustainable monitoring concept, which must include all levels of diversity, the genetic, the species and the landscape level. Diversity studies should not be reduced to quantitative analysis, but qualitative interpretations are an important part for the understanding of the results. Also, the linkage of terrestrial data and remote sensing data as well as the implementation of abiotic and biotic data collected on existing monitoring systems are useful sources to analyse cause-effect relationships and interactions between the different aspects of diversity.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Monitoring, Remote sensing, Habitat modelling, Beech provenances

iForest 2: 1-3 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0474-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=474

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Growth patterns of forest stands - the response towards pollutants and climatic impact

wolfgang.beck@vti.bund.de (Beck W) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Beck W

GROWTH PATTERNS OF FOREST STANDS - THE RESPONSE TOWARDS POLLUTANTS AND CLIMATIC IMPACT

Abstract: Dendroecological analysis of tree and stand growth patterns is discussed as an appropriate tool to quantify response of a forest stand to changing environmental factors, and evidence is provided that the response of trees to current environmental influences can be traced by high resolution measurements of diameter increment.

Keywords: Dendroecology, Growth response, Autocorrelation, Sensitivity

iForest 2: 4-6 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0472-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=472

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Modelling the carbon budget of intensive forest monitoring sites in Germany using the simulation model BIOME-BGC

hjochheim@zalf.de (Jochheim H et al.) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Jochheim H, Puhlmann M, Beese F, Berthold D, Einert P, Kallweit R, Konopatzky A, Meesenburg H, Meiwes K-J, Raspe S, Schulte-Bisping H, Schulz C

MODELLING THE CARBON BUDGET OF INTENSIVE FOREST MONITORING SITES IN GERMANY USING THE SIMULATION MODEL BIOME-BGC

Abstract: It is shown that by calibrating the simulation model BIOME-BGC with mandatory and optional Level II data, within the ICP Forest programme, a well-founded calculation of the carbon budget of forest stands is achievable and, based on succeeded calibration, the modified BIOME-BGC model is a useful tool to assess the effect of climate change on forest ecosystems.

Keywords: Monitoring, Carbon budget, Modelling, Climate change

iForest 2: 7-10 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0475-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=475

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Deposition measurements and critical loads calculations: monitoring data, results and perspective

martin.lorenz@vti.bund.de (Lorenz M & Granke O) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Lorenz M, Granke O

DEPOSITION MEASUREMENTS AND CRITICAL LOADS CALCULATIONS: MONITORING DATA, RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVE

Abstract: This paper presents the variation of sulphur and nitrogen deposition and the exceedance of their critical loads on Level II ICP Forests plots. The fact that critical loads are still exceeded at many forest sites in Europe indicates a continuing need for further implementation of air pollution abatement strategies. Such results contribute to the scientific basis for the development and reviews of the effectiveness of clean air politics by the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

Keywords: Forest monitoring, deposition, nitrogen, sulphur, critical loads

iForest 2: 11-14 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0478-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=478

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Ozone fumigation effects on the morphology and biomass of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) saplings

brigitos@gmail.com (Serafinaviciute B & Stakenas V) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Serafinaviciute B, Stakenas V

OZONE FUMIGATION EFFECTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOMASS OF NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES L.) SAPLINGS

Abstract: The study examined Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings morphological and biomass sensitivity to ozone fumigation using closed indoor chambers of controlled environment. 4-year-old potted saplings were exposed to three different ozone concentrations: 80 µg/m3, 160 µg/m3, and 240 µg/m3 (7 h/day, 5 days/week). Half of the saplings were harvested after the exposure, and the second half of the saplings were left in the pots in open field until next autumn. The reaction of the saplings of different timing of bud burst was also investigated. The terminal shoot length and the total current year shoot length of Norway spruce saplings after one month of ozone fumigation were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed in all the treatments comparing to the control saplings. The needles of saplings fumigated with ozone were smaller than the needles of control saplings. No significant changes of the biomass of different fractions of Norway spruce saplings were determined right after the fumigation, as well as, in 14 month after the cessation of the fumigation. Norway spruce saplings of early and late timing of bud burst reacted differently to ozone fumigation during the active growth period. The formation of new needles and shoots of the saplings of late bud burst stage was more suppressed comparing to the saplings of the early bud burst stage. The results suggest that the generatively younger organs during their formation are more susceptible to ozone stress. The differences of the needle age between ozone affected and control saplings decreased in one year after the end of fumigation keeping affected Norway spruce saplings in the open field and thus indicating the start of the recovery process.

Keywords: Ozone fumigation, Norway spruce saplings, Shoot morphology, Biomass

iForest 2: 15-18 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0483-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=483

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Effective monitoring as a basis for adaptive management: a case history of mountain pine beetle in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem whitebark pine

logan.jesse@gmail.com (Logan JA et al.) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Logan JA, Macfarlane WW, Willcox L

EFFECTIVE MONITORING AS A BASIS FOR ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: A CASE HISTORY OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE IN GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM WHITEBARK PINE

Abstract: With reference to massive outbreaks of a variety of bark beetles occurring across the forests of western North America, it is stressed that an accurate assessment of the extent of the problem is the first step toward formulating effective adaptive management strategies. This assessment will only be possible through a coordinated effort that combines all available technologies, that is an approach that builds on satellite image analysis, aerial survey from fixed-wing aircraft, and on the ground observation and measurement.

Keywords: Mountain pine beetle, Whitebark pine, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Global warming, Disturbance ecology

iForest 2: 19-22 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0477-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=477

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Hydrology, element budgets, acidification, nutrient N in a climate change perspective for the northern forest region

Lars.Lundin@ma.slu.se (Lundin L) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Lundin L

HYDROLOGY, ELEMENT BUDGETS, ACIDIFICATION, NUTRIENT N IN A CLIMATE CHANGE PERSPECTIVE FOR THE NORTHERN FOREST REGION

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential impact of climate change on element budgets and acidity in northern forest ecosystems. A catchment approach should provide the most appropriate unit and to be investigated in several spatial scales. Future monitoring has also to address tree composition, forestry activities, follow the soil organic matter storage and include changes in hydrology with episodic extremes.

Keywords: Acidification, Forest land, Hydrology, Nitrogen, Organic substances

iForest 2: 23-25 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0479-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=479

SHORT COMMUNICATION: QA/QC activities and ecological monitoring in the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET)

sase@adorc.gr.jp (Sase H et al.) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Sase H, Nakayama S, Leong CP, Kamisako M, Luangjame J, Garivait H, Visaratana T, Kietvuttinon B, Ueda H

QA/QC ACTIVITIES AND ECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE ACID DEPOSITION MONITORING NETWORK IN EAST ASIA (EANET)

Abstract: An overview is presented of Quality assurance/Quality control QA/QC activities and current features of the ecological monitoring in the frame of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia EANET. It is stressed that standardization of the methodologies applicable for new topics, such as the catchment analysis and ozone impacts, should be investigated for future monitoring.

Keywords: EANET, Acid deposition, Soil monitoring, Catchment, Ozone

iForest 2: 26-29 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0481-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=481

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Dynamic modelling of target loads of acidifying deposition for forest ecosystems in Flanders (Belgium)

Jeroen.Staelens@UGent.be (Staelens J et al.) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Staelens J, Neirynck J, Genouw G, Roskams P

DYNAMIC MODELLING OF TARGET LOADS OF ACIDIFYING DEPOSITION FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN FLANDERS (BELGIUM)

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine target loads for acidification for representative forest ecosystems in Flanders (Belgium) using dynamic modelling. Target loads were calculated for 83 forest stands for which sufficient measurements were available. This dataset is considered to be representative for the Flemish forest area. It is concluded that, despite the inherent uncertainty in modelling soil acidification at a regional level, important N and S deposition reductions are needed to allow recovery of the Flemish forest soils.

Keywords: Acidifying deposition, Critical load, Ecosystem recovery, VSD model, Target load

iForest 2: 30-33 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0484-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=484

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Ozone flux modelling for risk assessment: status and research needs

juha-pekka.tuovinen@fmi.fi (Tuovinen J-P) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Tuovinen J-P

OZONE FLUX MODELLING FOR RISK ASSESSMENT: STATUS AND RESEARCH NEEDS

Abstract: In this paper, some shortcomings involved in the modelling of ozone fluxes in the context of local-scale risk assessment are discussed, especially as related to the data collected within the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). An enhanced monitoring strategy, that would provide a sounder basis for the development, validation and application of risk assessment modelling tools, is also suggested.

Keywords: Ozone, Dose, Stomatal flux, Forests, Monitoring

iForest 2: 34-37 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0485-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=485

TECHNICAL REPORT: Means of combating forest dieback - EU support for maintaining forest health and vitality

a.requardt@holz.uni-hamburg.de (Requardt A et al.) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Requardt A, Schuck A, Köhl M

MEANS OF COMBATING FOREST DIEBACK - EU SUPPORT FOR MAINTAINING FOREST HEALTH AND VITALITY

Abstract: All EU Member States face economic and ecological losses due to forest damages. Thus, combating forest dieback, as for example caused by the effects of climate change, is a contribution to human safety and well-being and the sustainable development of Europe. At the EU level several efficient and well established policy instruments are developed and implemented, which contribute to the prevention, mitigation and control of forest dieback. The most important EU instruments in this context are the Rural Development Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/1999, replaced by the Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005) and the Forest Focus Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003, expired in 2006). The article reviews main EU policy and financial instruments and evaluates the feasibility of combating various causes of forest dieback in Europe.

Keywords: Forest dieback, EU policy, Financial support, Prevention, Mitigation, Control

iForest 2: 38-42 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0480-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=480

SHORT COMMUNICATION: The importance of forest type when incorporating forest edge deposition in the evaluation of critical load exceedance

Karen.Wuyts@UGent.be (Wuyts K et al.) — Wed, 21 Jan 2009 09:00:01 GMT

Wuyts K, De Schrijver A, Verheyen K

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST TYPE WHEN INCORPORATING FOREST EDGE DEPOSITION IN THE EVALUATION OF CRITICAL LOAD EXCEEDANCE

Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of the effect of incorporating edge deposition in the evaluation of critical load exceedance in forests, taking into account pollutant type, meteorological conditions, edge orientation, and forest type. In particular we have calculated critical load exceedance in five Flemish regions differing in forest fragmentation extent and/or share of coniferous forest.

Keywords: Forest edge, Edge effect, Exceedance of critical load, Forest type, Fragmentation

iForest 2: 43-45 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0486-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=486

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Forest sciences in the world of tomorrow

john.innes@ubc.ca (Innes JL) — Tue, 25 Nov 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Innes JL

FOREST SCIENCES IN THE WORLD OF TOMORROW

Abstract: The need is stressed for forest researchers to keep abreast of not only what is happening in their own fields, but also what is happening in related fields and in global forest policy. It is argued that this expansion of forest research will bring it in potential competition with allied sciences but, in the world of tomorrow, this integrative nature will actually be the strength of forest science.

Keywords: Forest research, Integrative nature, Global policy, Society, Value

iForest 1: 140 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0468-0010140
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=468

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Modeling the fine root biomass dispersion using a special influence function

waelder@math.tu-freiberg.de (Wälder O & Wälder K) — Tue, 25 Nov 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Wälder O, Wälder K

MODELING THE FINE ROOT BIOMASS DISPERSION USING A SPECIAL INFLUENCE FUNCTION

Abstract: This paper presents a successful application of techniques from the adjustment theory for modeling interaction in fine root biomass dispersion. Using special distance and species dependent weightings the influence function for fine root biomass dispersion of two species is estimated. Using the estimated influence functions the fine root biomass is predicted at the locations where the real data was sampled. Goodness of fit of our model is evaluated by comparing sample values and predicted values. However, the results show successful coincidence between sampled and predicted values. Finally, we present an example for the root dispersion in a mixed stand of beeches and spruces in Saxony/Germany.

Keywords: Forest effects, fine root biomass, interaction, influence function

iForest 1: 141-144 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0469-0010141
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=469

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Long-term outcome of precommercial thinning on floristic diversity in north western New Brunswick, Canada

heather.cole@wsl.ch (Cole HA et al.) — Tue, 25 Nov 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Cole HA, Newmaster SG, Lanteigne L, Pitt D

LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF PRECOMMERCIAL THINNING ON FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN NORTH WESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA

Abstract: The Green River spacing trials were established between 1959 and 1961 to study the long-term growth and development of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in response to precommercial thinning (PCT). Three nominal spacings (1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.4 m) and an unthinned control were applied in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates to regenerating stands, an average of 8 years after harvest. Our study examines floristic diversity associated with these treatments approximately four decades later. Floristic diversity was assessed with several alpha diversity indices as well as multivariate analysis to compare community composition. Specific a-priori contrasts compared plant diversity among a) control and average of the wider spacings (1.8 m and 2.4 m), b) control and the narrowest spacing (1.2 m), and c) the narrowest spacing and the widest spacing. Our results indicate that there were no appreciable differences among the treatments across all measures of plant diversity investigated. As such, we conclude that the forest understory, as represented by the unthinned plots, was analogous in the thinned plots at time of stand maturity. Vegetation response to PCT treatments is inconsistent in the published literature, but this can be attributed to differences in thinning intensities, recovery age or the type of forest ecosystem studied. We conclude that PCT is a variable silvicultural tool that could be used to attain both economic productivity and biodiversity conservation goals.

Keywords: biodiversity, forest ecology, precommercial thinning, silviculture, tree spacing, plant diversity

iForest 1: 145-156 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0470-0010145
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=470

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Total RNA extraction from strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) and several other woody-plants

a.zamboni@unibo.it (Zamboni A et al.) — Wed, 27 Aug 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Zamboni A, Pierantoni L, De Franceschi P

TOTAL RNA EXTRACTION FROM STRAWBERRY TREE (ARBUTUS UNEDO) AND SEVERAL OTHER WOODY-PLANTS

Abstract: Studies of plant gene expression today need pure preparations of high-yielding undegraded RNA. This is not easily accomplished when working with plants and tissues like strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) leaves that accumulate large amounts of polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds, which co-purify with RNA. An improved leaf-tissue protocol developed for gene expression studies on Arbutus unedo yields for the first time a purity of RNA extract that makes possible cDNA synthesis and qPCR analysis in this plant species. When tested on material considered recalcitrant (leaves, roots, fruit flesh, fruit peel and styles from Pyrus communis, Prunus avium, Prunus persica and Cydonia oblonga), the method was able to extract RNA with good yield and high purity. This scalable, phenol-free, fast and easy-to-use RNA extraction protocol is effective on Arbutus unedo leaves as well as on awide range of different species and tissues, thus resulting particularly useful for gene expression analysis in non-model species for molecular biology.

Keywords: Arbutus unedo, RNA extraction, Roots, Styles, Woody plants, Fruits

iForest 1: 122-125 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0465-0010122
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=465

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Performances of an expanding insect under elevated CO2 and snow cover in the Alps

edoardo.petruccotoffolo@unipd.it (Petrucco-Toffolo E & Battisti B) — Wed, 27 Aug 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Petrucco-Toffolo E, Battisti B

PERFORMANCES OF AN EXPANDING INSECT UNDER ELEVATED CO2 AND SNOW COVER IN THE ALPS

Abstract: Variations of phenology and distribution have been recently highlighted in numerous insect species and attributed to climate change, particularly the increase of temperature and atmospheric CO2. Both have been shown to have direct and indirect effects on insect species of various ecosystems, though the responses are often species-specific. The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) is an important pest of conifers in the Mediterranean region, and has been recently shown to expand its altitudinal range in the Alps, including the mountain pine Pinus mugo as a novel host. We had the opportunity to transplant colonies of the pine processionary moth to a high elevation site well outside of the current range of the insect (Stillberg, Davos, Switzerland, 2180 m), where trees of the mountain pine have been grown for five years under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (ca. 570 ppm). The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of first instar larvae to extreme conditions of temperature and to an altered performance induced by the change of host metabolism under elevated CO2. Larval mortality and relative growth rate did not differ between host trees grown in ambient or elevated CO2. As extended snow cover may be an important mortality factor of larval colonies on the dwarf trees of mountain pine, we tested the survival of colonies transplanted at two extreme sites of Eastern Alps. The snow cover extended over more than one month proved to be an important mortality factor of larval colonies on mountain pine. We concluded that the first instar larvae of the pine processionary moth are not concerned by unusually low temperature and CO2 increase whereas they can be later strongly affected by snow accumulation. The decrease of snow cover observed in the last decades, however, may reduce such a risk.

Keywords: Climate change, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Range expansion, Pinus

iForest 1: 126-131 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0466-0010126
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=466

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Predicting the effect of climate change on tree species abundance and distribution at a regional scale

fabio.attorre@uniroma1.it (Attorre F et al.) — Wed, 27 Aug 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Attorre F, Francesconi F, Scarnati L, De Sanctis M, Alfò M, Bruno F

PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TREE SPECIES ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION AT A REGIONAL SCALE

Abstract: The elaboration of conservation strategies at regional scale, dealing with the potential effects of climate change on the abundance and distribution of tree species, should be supported by models produced at the appropriate scale. We used a bioclimatic model aimed at analysing the large-scale effects of climate change on the abundance and distribution of tree species with respect to their chorological and ecological characteristics. Abundance data for 16 species, sampled in 912 plots, distributed on a 3x3 km grid were used. A climatic model provided high resolution current climatic surfaces and a climatic scenario for 2080 was obtained using the A1FI emission scenario of HadCM3 GCM. A deterministic Regression Tree Analysis (RTA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) were applied in order to define the realised niche of the species in relation to the chosen environmental variables. The comparison between RMSE values showed that RTA always outperforms MLR, in terms of predicting species distribution. Zonal species were better predicted than rare species (extrazonal or with specific habitat requirements). Climate change is expected to determine a general increase of the average potential altitude. Only the Mediterranean species are likely to be favoured by the predicted climate change, while for the two other chorological types (Sub-Mediterranean and Eurosiberian) the response seems to be species-specific, depending on the ecological characteristic of each species: the more thermophilous and xerophilous species should benefit from the predicted drought in terms of area and mean abundance, while mesophilous species should suffer a strong reduction.

Keywords: Climate change, Tree species, Central Italy, Potential distribution maps, Regional scale, Regression tree analysis

iForest 1: 132-139 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0467-0010132
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=467

TECHNICAL REPORT: Allometric biomass and carbon factors database

maurizio.teobaldelli@jrc.it (Somogyi Z et al.) — Wed, 09 Jul 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Somogyi Z, Teobaldelli M, Federici S, Matteucci G, Pagliari V, Grassi G, Seufert G

ALLOMETRIC BIOMASS AND CARBON FACTORS DATABASE

Abstract: The “Allometric, Biomass and Carbon factors” database (ABC factors database) was designed to facilitate the estimation of the biomass carbon stocks of forests in order to support the development and the verification of greenhouse gas inventories in the LULUCF sector (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry). The database contains several types of expansion, conversion and combined factors, by various tree species or species groups that can be used to calculate biomass or carbon of forests of Eurasian region from proxy variables (e.g., tree volume) that may come from forest inventories. In addition to the factors, and depending on the information that was available in the cited source, the database indicates: (1) the biomass compartments involved when the factor was developed; and (2) the possible applicability of the factor, e.g. by country or by ecological regions. The applicability of the factors is either suggested by the source itself, or the type of source (e.g. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report), or was based on the expert judgement by the compilers of the database. Finally, in order to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate of the data, the web-based interface provides the possibility to compare several factors that may come from different sources. The ABC factors database is freely available at the URL: http://afoludata.jrc.it/data_fs.cfm, in the web site AFOLU-DATA, funded and hosted by the Joint Research Centre (European Commission, DG-JRC).

Keywords: Greenhouse Gas Inventory, LULUCF, AFOLU, Climate Change, Forest Inventory, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, BEF, Database

iForest 1: 107-113 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0463-0010107
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=463

TECHNICAL REPORT: Assessment of vegetation and naturalness: a study case in Southern Italy

guarino@unisannio.it (Guarino C et al.) — Wed, 09 Jul 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Guarino C, Santoro S, De Simone L

ASSESSMENT OF VEGETATION AND NATURALNESS: A STUDY CASE IN SOUTHERN ITALY

Abstract: The study of vegetation and naturalness in the province of Benevento (southern Italy) was conducted through a series of complementary steps starting from a preliminary phase of bibliographical research. To draw up the theme map, after the preparatory phase of GIS-based cartographic support, a photo-interpretation phase was conducted for the whole province of Benevento on the basis of orthophotos at a scale of 1:10.000 taken in 1997-1998 supplied by the Provincial Authority. We produced a map which chiefly takes account of the physiognomic features of vegetation alongside floristic data. Throughout the province of Benevento we identified 21 main floristic types grouped into four categories, which include three physiognomic categories and one category grouping the areas greatly affected by human impact. For each vegetation type we calculated the percentage of the area against the whole surface area of the province. Starting from the vegetation map, the vegetation types in the area were reclassified according to the scale of naturalness ordered according to the criterion of proximity to the mature vegetation phase. The conservation status of the plant landscape in the province of Benevento was thus assessed by using the ILC (Index of Landscape Conservation).

Keywords: GIS, Vegetation map, Naturalness map, ILC (Index of Landscape Conservation)

iForest 1: 114-121 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0452-0010114
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=452

RESEARCH ARTICLE: An approach to estimate carbon stocks change in forest carbon pools under the UNFCCC: the Italian case

sandro.federici@gmail.com (Federici S et al.) — Tue, 20 May 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Federici S, Vitullo M, Tulipano S, De Lauretis R, Seufert G

AN APPROACH TO ESTIMATE CARBON STOCKS CHANGE IN FOREST CARBON POOLS UNDER THE UNFCCC: THE ITALIAN CASE

Abstract: Under the UNFCCC, Annex I Parties must report annually a National GHG Inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks. LULUCF is one of the six sectors of the inventory: in this sector any emissions and removals of GHGs by land management should be reported, included the large GHGs fluxes generated by forest management and land-use changes into and from forest. In this context every Party has to produce a proper model in order to be able to fulfil GHGs Inventory request for forest sector. Taking Italy as a study case, the paper aims at presenting a new methodology for updating stock changes for years between national forest inventories, in order to reproduce annual stock changes in the five UNFCCC forest carbon pools, following the UNFCCC requirements in the context of carbon reporting.

Keywords: Carbon stock, GHG inventory, LULUCF, yield model, sink, C pools

iForest 1: 86-95 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0457-0010086
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=457

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Distribution and concentration of cadmium in root tissue of Populus alba determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis

tognetti@unimol.it (Cocozza C et al.) — Tue, 20 May 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Cocozza C, Minnocci A, Tognetti R, Iori V, Zacchini M, Scarascia Mugnozza G

DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM IN ROOT TISSUE OF POPULUS ALBA DETERMINED BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS

Abstract: In a polluted environment with potentially toxic elements, plants may play a relevant role on contaminant absorption or stabilization. The aim of this study was to discriminate two poplar clones in their tolerance to high Cd concentrations (50 μM) in the growth solution and to show the potential of poplar in the cleaning-up of Cd-contaminated substrate. Chemical analyses to determine the content of heavy metals in biological samples involve their destruction by digestion with concentrated acids, preventing the localization of potentially toxic elements in situ. In contrast, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis may provide information on element localization and chemical composition of biological samples. Scanning electron microscopy allows for the observation of samples in a dry or wet state, at high magnifications and good field depth with a minimum preparation, and the possibility to combine structural and analytical information by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis and digital images. Although, energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis has relatively low detection limits, it is useful in establishing distribution maps of potentially toxic elements inside cells and tissues. Tissue concentration and localization of Cd (and other elements) in root tips of Populus alba clones (6K3 and 14P11) were investigated, using two different types of scanning electron microscope (ambient temperature and low temperature) both coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. These techniques were useful to investigate structural modifications and to identify in situ concentration and distribution of Cd in poplar roots, establishing indirect correlations between accumulation and localization of the metal. Overall, observations suggested differential patterns between 6K3 and 14P11 clones in accumulating Cd within the root profile, though overall concentration and content of Cd in the root system, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, did not differ between clones. The possibility that these accumulation patterns arise from differences in uptake processes and structural properties is discussed and related to tolerance mechanisms.

Keywords: EDXMA, heavy metals, poplar, pollution, SEM

iForest 1: 96-103 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0458-0010096
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=458

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Elevational changes in a neotropical Fig (Ficus spp.) community in North Western Ecuador

samshanee@gmail.com (Shanee S & Peck MR) — Tue, 20 May 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Shanee S, Peck MR

ELEVATIONAL CHANGES IN A NEOTROPICAL FIG (FICUS SPP.) COMMUNITY IN NORTH WESTERN ECUADOR

Abstract: Differences in primary production levels at high elevations sites have a direct impact on the numbers, and types, of fauna that areas of tropical forest can support. We investigated the effects of increasing elevation on a Neotropical fig (Ficus spp.) community in the Andean Choco region of Ecuador. Results show that there is a significant reduction in mean density of fig trees (p = 0.01), likewise mean basal area decreases with increasing elevation (p < 0.05). Causes are suggested and the possible consequences of this on frugivores is discussed.

Keywords: Choco, Cloud Forest, DBH, Frugivore, Los Cedros Biological Reserve

iForest 1: 104-106 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0462-0010104
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=462

REVIEW ARTICLE: Forests and climate change - lessons from insects

andrea.battisti@unipd.it (Battisti A) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Battisti A

FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE - LESSONS FROM INSECTS

Abstract: The climate change may indirectly affects the forest ecosystems through the activity of phytophagous insects. The climate change has been claimed to be responsible of the range expansion northward and upward of several insect species of northern temperate forests, as well as of changes in the seasonal phenology. Several papers have dealt with the prediction of the most likely consequences of the climate change on the phytophagous insects, including some of the most important forest pests. Increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere involve an increase of the C/N balance of the plant tissues, which in turn results in a lower food quality for many defoliating insects. Some insects respond by increasing the level of leaf consumption and consequently the damage to the tree, whereas others show higher mortality and lower performance. The level of plant chemical defences may also be affected by a change of CO2. The temperature is affecting either the survival of the insects which are active during the cold period, such as the pine processionary moth, or the synchronization mechanism between the host and the herbivores, as in the case of the larch bud moth. An increase of temperature may alter the mechanism by which the insects adjust their cycles to the local climate (diapause), resulting in faster development and higher feeding rate, as in the case of the spruce web-spinning sawfly outbreaks in the Southern Alps.

Keywords: temperature, phenology, range, host-insect relationships

iForest 1: 1-5 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0210-0010001
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=210

REVIEW ARTICLE: Remote sensing support for post fire forest management

gherardo.chirici@unimol.it (Corona P et al.) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Corona P, Lamonaca A, Chirici G

REMOTE SENSING SUPPORT FOR POST FIRE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Monitoring of forest burnt areas has several aims: to locate and estimate the extent of such areas; to assess the damages suffered by the forest stands; to check the ability of the ecosystem to naturally recover after the fire; to support the planning of reclamation interventions; to assess the dynamics (pattern and speed) of the natural recovery; to check the outcome of any eventual restoration intervention. Remote sensing is an important source of information to support all such tasks. In the last decades, the effectiveness of remotely sensed imagery is increasing due to the advancement of tools and techniques, and to the lowering of the costs, in relative terms. For an effective support to post-fire management (burnt scar perimeter mapping, damage severity assessment, post-fire vegetation monitoring), a mapping scale of at least 1:10000-1:20000 is required: hence, the selection of remotely sensed data is restricted to aerial imagery and to satellite imagery characterized by high (HR) and, above all, very high (VHR) spatial resolution. In the last decade, HR and VHR passive (optical) remote sensing has widespread, providing affordable multitemporal and multispectral pictures of the considered phenomena, at different scales (spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions) with reference to the monitoring needs. In the light of such a potential, the integration of GPS field survey and imagery by light aerial vectors or VHR satellite is currently sought as a viable option for the post-fire monitoring.

Keywords: burnt scar perimeter mapping, post-fire vegetation monitoring, damage severity assessment, high and very high spatial resolution satellite sensors

iForest 1: 6-12 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0305-0010006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=305

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Impact of climate change on radial growth of Siberian spruce and Scots pine in North-western Russia

eugene.lopatin@joensuu.fi (Lopatin E et al.) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Lopatin E, Kolström T, Spiecker H

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RADIAL GROWTH OF SIBERIAN SPRUCE AND SCOTS PINE IN NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA

Abstract: When adapting forest management practices to a changing environment, it is very important to understand the response of an unmanaged natural forest to climate change. The method used to identify major climatic factors influencing radial growth of Siberian spruce and Scots pine along a latitudinal gradient in north-western Russia is dendroclimatic analysis. A clear increasing long-term trend was identified in air temperature and precipitation. During the last 20 years, all meteorological stations experienced temperature increases, and 40 years ago precipitation began to increase. This is shown by the radial increment of Siberian spruce and Scots pine. Therefore, climate change could partly explain the increased forest productivity. The total variance explained by temperature varied from 22% to 41% and precipitation from 19% to 38%. The significant climatic parameters for radial increment in Komi Republic were identified, and the relation between temperature and precipitation in explained variance changes over time for Siberian spruce.

Keywords: Climate change, Growth trends, Pinus sylvestris L., Picea obovata Ledeb., Dendrochronology

iForest 1: 13-21 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0447-0010013
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=447

RESEARCH ARTICLE: A new approach to ozone plant fumigation: The Web-O3-Fumigation. Isoprene response to a gradient of ozone stress in leaves of Quercus pubescens

paola.pinelli@unimol.it (Pinelli P & Tricoli D) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Pinelli P, Tricoli D

A NEW APPROACH TO OZONE PLANT FUMIGATION: THE WEB-O3-FUMIGATION. ISOPRENE RESPONSE TO A GRADIENT OF OZONE STRESS IN LEAVES OF QUERCUS PUBESCENS

Abstract: The innovative Web-O3-Fumigation (WOF) is a suitable technique to study O3 effects in plants. Through WOF, a very high dose of O3 fumigation may be obtained at the level of selected leaves, while allowing a gradient of ozone stress in branches at different distance from branch directly fumigated with O3 diffusing from perforated Teflon tubes. We used WOF to study the impact of O3 on the emission of isoprene, a putatively powerful antioxidant, in leaves of Quercus pubescens. In our experiment we produced with WOF: i) approximately 300 ppb O3 on the leaves of the branch directly exposed to the pollutant; ii) approximately 190 ppb on the leaves of the branches distant less than 30 cm from the treated branch; iii) a summer ambient O3 concentration (100 ppb) on the leaves of the branches distant more than 30 cm from the branch directly fumigated. High O3 concentrations induced a long-lasting inhibition of photosynthesis and isoprene emission in leaves which were directly fumigated. However, isoprene emission was stimulated by intermediate O3 concentration 288 hours after the end of the treatment. Isoprene stimulation, and the activation of the related antioxidant mechanism, may therefore be dependent on the O3 concentration and may be different in plant canopies depending on their exposure to the pollutant.

Keywords: ozone, isoprene, web-fumigation, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance

iForest 1: 22-26 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0240-0010022
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=240

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Changes in organic compounds during leaf litter leaching: laboratory experiment on eight plant species of the Sudano-guinea Savannas of Ngaoundere, Cameroon

aibrahima@hotmail.com (Ibrahima A et al.) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Ibrahima A, Biyanzi P, Halima M

CHANGES IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DURING LEAF LITTER LEACHING: LABORATORY EXPERIMENT ON EIGHT PLANT SPECIES OF THE SUDANO-GUINEA SAVANNAS OF NGAOUNDERE, CAMEROON

Abstract: A laboratory experiment was carried out on the leaf litter of 8 agroforestry plant species of the Sudano-guinea Savannas of Ngaoundere in order to compare patterns of their water absorption and dynamics of four important energetic organic compounds (soluble sugars, cellulose, phenol and lignin) among these plant species during the leaching phase and to determine the influence of initial litter properties on these processes. To this end, 168 samples of leaf litter (5.00 ± 0.01 g) of Annona senegalensis, Lophira lanceolata, Syzygium guineense var. guineense, Syzygium guineense var. macrocarpum, Vitellaria paradoxa, Vitex doniana, Vitex madiensis and Ximenia americana were immersed for 15 days in distilled water at a temperature of 23 °C and relative humidity of 65 ± 1%. Three samples of each plant species were taken at 1, 6, 24, 72, 168, 240 and 360 hours. Depending on the species, water absorption capacity after 360 h of leaching varied from 162.77 (S. g. var. macrocarpum) to 264.00% (V. madiensis) of dry litter mass. The release of water-soluble substances varied between 9.61 (L. lanceolata) and 34.12% (X. americana). Water absorption and release of water-soluble substances rate constants were the highest in V. madiensis (0.32 h-1 and 0.25 h-1) and the lowest one respectively in S. g. guineense (0.03 h-1) and S. g. var. macrocarpum (0.006 h-1). Organic compound of original litter also varied significantly among species and decreased with leaching time for water-soluble sugars and phenols, while increased for cellulose and lignin. Water absorption by litter was significantly correlated with initial water-soluble sugars and phenol content, leaf litter area and thickness. The release of water-soluble substances by litters was also correlated with initial water-soluble sugars, water content and leaf litter area. The leaching rate constant was correlated with that of water absorption. These preliminary results lead to a better understanding of the litter decomposition processes of agroforestry plant species of Ngaoundere and thus help in making the most appropriate choice of indigenous plant species for domestication that could help to improve soil fertility and eventually to protect the biodiversity.

Keywords: Litter, Leaching, Quality, Organic compounds, Sudano-guinea savanna, Cameroon

iForest 1: 27-33 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0450-0010027
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=450

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Analysing interaction effects in forests using the mark correlation function

waelder@math.tu-freiberg.de (Wälder K & Wälder O) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Wälder K, Wälder O

ANALYSING INTERACTION EFFECTS IN FORESTS USING THE MARK CORRELATION FUNCTION

Abstract: The spatial distribution of trees in forests can be described and modelled by point processes where the points are given by the locations (coordinates) of the trees. Further properties of a tree like height or mean crown radius can be interpreted as so called marks of the considered point process characterising the points or trees in some way. The so called mark correlation function describes the spatial correlation of these marks in the observed point pattern. In this paper we introduce a special mark, the overlapping or crown index. We show that mark correlation functions for the considered marks help to understand interaction effects of forest trees.

Keywords: Forestry statistics, Marked point process, Interaction, Crown index

iForest 1: 34-38 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0449-0010034
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=449

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Effects of warmer and drier climate conditions on plant composition and biomass production in a Mediterranean shrubland community

pda@unitus.it (De Dato G et al.) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

De Dato G, Pellizzaro G, Cesaraccio C, Sirca C, De Angelis P, Duce P, Spano D, Scarascia Mugnozza G

EFFECTS OF WARMER AND DRIER CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON PLANT COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN A MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLAND COMMUNITY

Abstract: The last IPCC report predicts warmer and drier conditions for the future European climate and the Mediterranean basin could be highly sensible to future climatic change. In order to investigate how the forecast more stressing factors could affect Mediterranean shrubland ecosystems, an appropriate manipulation of the microclimate was carried out in an area covered by Mediterranean maquis aimed at extending the drought period and increasing the night-time temperature. Soil cover, plant growth, litterfall, leaf water status, and leaf nutritional status were monitored over three growing seasons. The manipulation altered the microclimate according to common scenarios, increasing mean annual night-time air temperature by about 1 °C and mean annual temperature by about 0.5 °C, and decreasing precipitation between 6-46% of the total rainfall during the growing seasons. A general increase of vegetation cover was observed in the whole community during the three years of experimentation. This positive temporal pattern was mainly observed in control and warming treatment, whereas in the drought treatment it was less evident. At species-specific level, a clear negative effect of drought treatment was observed for C. monspeliensis percentage cover. Shoot elongation was not significantly affected by the warming treatment. A significant negative effect of drought treatment was noticed in the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 growing seasons. An increase of N and P concentrations in the drought treatment in Cistus was observed and it can be explained by the reduced shoot growth induced by the water shortage that we had observed in the same treatment. The absence of a concentration effect on the other two species could be the signal of the different behaviour with regard to a drier climate, and therefore could be a symptom of future change in species composition. We underline the need of long-term observation, because of the different responses of plants in the short and long- term conditions.

Keywords: Mediterranean shrublands, Plant production, Night-time warming, Drought period extension.

iForest 1: 39-48 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0418-0010039
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=418

RESEARCH ARTICLE: The use of branch enclosures to assess direct and indirect effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, respiration and isoprene emission of Populus alba leaves

federico.brilli@ibaf.cnr.it (Brilli F et al.) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Brilli F, Tricoli D, Fares S, Centritto M, Loreto F

THE USE OF BRANCH ENCLOSURES TO ASSESS DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION AND ISOPRENE EMISSION OF POPULUS ALBA LEAVES

Abstract: We used a novel system of branch enclosures to study the impact of elevated CO2 (900 ppm) on the gas-exchange characteristics of developed and developing leaves of white poplar (Populus alba L.), as well as of leaves subsequently developing at ambient CO2, outside the enclosures in which the CO2 concentration was raised. We found no significant effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, respiration and isoprene emission, as the rates of developed and developing leaves inside the enclosures, and of leaves developing outside the enclosures, were similar to those recorded using enclosures maintained at ambient CO2. The enclosure system, however, largely influenced the rates of gas-exchange. In fact, leaves already developed inside the enclosures showed rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and isoprene emission higher than leaves developing inside the enclosures, and also higher than leaves developing outside the enclosure. These differences were caused by a higher efficiency in the light use and by a higher Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity in leaves fully developed inside enclosures than in the other leaf classes. The experiment overall suggests that branch enclosures may alter the physiology of the plants, reducing or counteracting the impact of elevated CO2, which we predicted to stimulate photosynthesis and uncouple isoprene emission from photosynthesis. This may be an important bias against the use of enclosure systems for studies of the impact of environmental constraints and global change factors on physiological features.

Keywords: Populus Alba, Elevated CO2, Branch Enclosure, Photosynthesis, Isoprene Emission

iForest 1: 49-54 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0429-0010049
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=429

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Effects of gap size and within-gap position on seedlings establishment in silver fir stands

rmercurio@unirc.it (Albanesi E et al.) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Albanesi E, Gugliotta OI, Mercurio I, Mercurio R

EFFECTS OF GAP SIZE AND WITHIN-GAP POSITION ON SEEDLINGS ESTABLISHMENT IN SILVER FIR STANDS

Abstract: The conversion of pure conifer plantations into stands with heterogeneous structure and composition is a current silvicultural challenge in Italy. A silvicultural system aiming to the regeneration of natural forests by means of openings in the canopy cover is considered. The purposes of this study are: I) to evaluate if the creation of gaps is an appropriate way to transform homogeneous man-made stands of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) into naturally regenerated stands; II) to analyse the influence of micro-environmental conditions in gaps of different size on the recruitment and establishment of natural regeneration of forest tree species. After three growing seasons silver fir seedlings recruitment was greater in small gaps and in the central-southern positions where PAR was lower and the shading influence of ground vegetation less relevant. The most suitable gap size for silver fir regeneration, in the southern Apennine, is 200 (300) m2, D/H = 0.5 and anyway <0.75. The silvicultural treatment proposed seems to foster natural regeneration of silver fir and other broadleaves, enhancing the development of a multi-layered forest structure and fulfilling timber production objectives without compromising ecosystem management principles.

Keywords: Forest gaps, light, natural regeneration, silvicultural systems, Abies alba, Italy

iForest 1: 55-59 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0448-0010055
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=448

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Fuel type characterization based on coarse resolution MODIS satellite data

alanorte@imaa.cnr.it (Lanorte A & Lasaponara R) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Lanorte A, Lasaponara R

FUEL TYPE CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON COARSE RESOLUTION MODIS SATELLITE DATA

Abstract: Fuel types is one of the most important factors that should be taken into consideration for computing spatial fire hazard and risk and simulating fire growth and intensity across a landscape. In the present study, forest fuel mapping is considered from a remote sensing perspective. The purpose is to delineate forest types by exploring the use of coarse resolution satellite remote sensing MODIS imagery. In order to ascertain how well MODIS data can provide an exhaustive classification of fuel properties a sample area characterized by mixed vegetation covers and complex topography was analysed. The study area is located in the South of Italy. Fieldwork fuel type recognitions, performed before, after and during the acquisition of remote sensing MODIS data, were used as ground-truth dataset to assess the obtained results. The method comprised the following three steps: (I) adaptation of Prometheus fuel types for obtaining a standardization system useful for remotely sensed classification of fuel types and properties in the considered Mediterranean ecosystems; (II) model construction for the spectral characterization and mapping of fuel types based on two different approach, maximum likelihood (ML) classification algorithm and spectral Mixture Analysis (MTMF); (III) accuracy assessment for the performance evaluation based on the comparison of MODIS-based results with ground-truth. Results from our analyses showed that the use of remotely sensed MODIS data provided a valuable characterization and mapping of fuel types being that the achieved classification accuracy was higher than 73% for ML classifier and higher than 83% for MTMF.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, MODIS, Fuel types.

iForest 1: 60-64 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0451-0010060
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=451

RESEARCH ARTICLE: Seasonal variations in monoterpene profiles and ecophysiological traits in Mediterranean pine species of group “halepensis”

marco.michelozzi@igv.cnr.it (Michelozzi M et al.) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Michelozzi M, Tognetti R, Maggino F, Radicati M

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN MONOTERPENE PROFILES AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN MEDITERRANEAN PINE SPECIES OF GROUP “HALEPENSIS”

Abstract: Foliar and cortical terpene profile, and needle gas exchange and water potential of P. halepensis, P. brutia and P. eldarica were compared over three consecutive seasons (1996-1998) in an experimental plantation nearby Firenze (Italy). Terpene percentages in mature tissue (cortex and needle) did not change in response to water stress during summer period and remained stable through seasons and years. Terpene profiles were not affected by seasonal drought, and are thus valuable to characterize Mediterranean pine species of the group “halepensis”. There was a threshold-type response of maximum daily gas exchange to decreasing predawn water potential in all pines. Net photosynthesis and needle conductance were linearly related, regardless of the species.

Keywords: Pinus halepensis, Terpene, Drought, Photosynthesis, Water relations

iForest 1: 65-74 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0206-0010065
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=206

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Towards cost-effective indicators to maintain Natura 2000 sites in favourable conservation status. Preliminary results from Cansiglio and New Forest

elena.cantarello@unipd.it (Cantarello E & Newton A) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Cantarello E, Newton A

TOWARDS COST-EFFECTIVE INDICATORS TO MAINTAIN NATURA 2000 SITES IN FAVOURABLE CONSERVATION STATUS. PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM CANSIGLIO AND NEW FOREST

Abstract: Natura 2000 is a coherent ecological network of special areas, designated under the Habitat and Birds EEC Directives, to assist in the maintenance of biodiversity in the European territory. It is now widely recognised that one of the most effective ways to maintain biodiversity is to preserve habitats in a favourable conservation status as required of Member States by the Habitat Directive. As a consequence, approaches are needed to define when habitats are of favourable conservation status and to assess the maintenance or the restoration of this condition. This could be partly achieved through the selection of appropriate indicators of favourable conservation status. Once such indicators have been identified and tested, they could be used for monitoring the impact of managing Natura 2000 sites, and could assist in achieving policy goals. Although many indicators have been proposed, particularly for forested habitats, few have been adequately field tested. Little research has been undertaken to identify indicators that are cost-effective, a key characteristic given that resources for habitat assessment and monitoring are often limited. Therefore, this research aims both to identify appropriate indicators to maintain favourable conservation status, and to evaluate their relative cost-effectiveness for two selected Natura 2000 sites: the Cansiglio Forest (North Italy) and the New Forest (South England). The following will highlight the results of the preliminary research.Natura 2000 is a coherent ecological network of special areas, designated under the Habitat and Birds EEC Directives, to assist in the maintenance of biodiversity in the European territory. It is now widely recognised that one of the most effective ways to maintain biodiversity is to preserve habitats in a favourable conservation status as required of Member States by the Habitat Directive. As a consequence, approaches are needed to define when habitats are of favourable conservation status and to assess the maintenance or the restoration of this condition. This could be partly achieved through the selection of appropriate indicators of favourable conservation status. Once such indicators have been identified and tested, they could be used for monitoring the impact of managing Natura 2000 sites, and could assist in achieving policy goals. Although many indicators have been proposed, particularly for forested habitats, few have been adequately field tested. Little research has been undertaken to identify indicators that are cost-effective, a key characteristic given that resources for habitat assessment and monitoring are often limited. Therefore, this research aims both to identify appropriate indicators to maintain favourable conservation status, and to evaluate their relative cost-effectiveness for two selected Natura 2000 sites: the Cansiglio Forest (North Italy) and the New Forest (South England). The following will highlight the results of the preliminary research.

Keywords: Indicators, Biodiversity, Natura 2000, Forest habitats.

iForest 1: 75-80 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0410-0010075
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=410

COMMENTARY: Benefits of a strategic national forest inventory to science and society: the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis program

jdshaw@fs.fed.us (Shaw JD) — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 09:00:01 GMT

Shaw JD

BENEFITS OF A STRATEGIC NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: THE USDA FOREST SERVICE FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM

Abstract: Forest Inventory and Analysis, previously known as Forest Survey, is one of the oldest research and development programs in the USDA Forest Service. Statistically-based inventory efforts that started in Scandinavian countries in the 1920s raised interest in developing a similar program in the U.S. The U.S. Congress established the research branch of the U.S. Forest Service in 1928, shortly after Dr. Yrjö Ilvessalo, leader of the first Finnish national forest inventory, met with President Calvin Coolidge. Congress charged the Forest Service to find “facts as may be necessary in the determination of ways and means to balance the timber budget of the United States”. As a result, Forest Survey maintained a timber focus for much its history. As society’s interest in forests changed over time, so did information needs. Conflicts over resource allocation and use could not be resolved without up-to-date knowledge of forest status and trends. In response to society’s needs, the Forest Inventory and Analysis program has evolved from Forest Survey to address diverse topics such as forest health, carbon storage, wildlife habitat, air pollution, and invasive plants, while continuing its mandate to monitor the Nation’s timber supply. The Forest Inventory and Analysis program collects data on all land ownerships on an annual basis. The data are used to develop reports on a regular basis; reports and raw data are available to the public at no cost. The data are also used by scientists in a growing number of applications. A short history of the Forest Survey is presented with several examples of current research based on Forest Inventory and Analysis data.

Keywords: Forest Inventory, Fia, Silviculture, Disturbance, United States

iForest 1: 81-85 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0345-0010081
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/show.php?id=345