iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

Research Articles: Standing tree assessment for the maintenance of historic wooden buildings: a case study of a World Heritage site in China

() — 2013-05-08

Yin W, Yamamoto H

STANDING TREE ASSESSMENT FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF HISTORIC WOODEN BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY OF A WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN CHINA

Abstract: Historic wooden buildings are a symbol of China’s “culture of wood” and require extraction of forest resources for their renovation. In the 21st century, natural resources are limited globally, and sustainable solutions are needed. In this study, we established a new method to connect building and forest sites for efficient utilization of limited forest resources for the renovation of historic buildings. We obtained measurements of large wooden components from Shenyang Imperial Palace. We also performed morphometric analyses on 47 thinned, old-growth larch trees to determine the relative taper curve, and selected 108 standing trees for simulation of the tree-height curve in the Mt. Changbai area, Jinlin Province, Northeast China. On the basis of forest metrology, we established an upper tree prediction method. By measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH) alone, we could compare size information (e.g., diameter, length) for standing trees and wooden building components. This method was then applied to estimate the required DBH class of standing trees for the renovation of Shenyang Imperial Palace.

Keywords: Sustainable Renovation, Relative Taper Curve, Tree Height Curve, Standing Tree Assessment, Historic Wooden Buildings

iForest 0 (0): 169-174 () - doi: 10.3832/ifor0753-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0753-006

Research Articles: Reforestation and land use change in a drainage basin of southern Italy

() — 2013-05-08

D’Ippolito A, Ferrari E, Iovino F, Nicolaci A, Veltri A

REFORESTATION AND LAND USE CHANGE IN A DRAINAGE BASIN OF SOUTHERN ITALY

Abstract: In this study, the land use change in a large basin of Calabria region (southern Italy) subjected to extensive reforestation at the end of the ’€˜50 has been carefully reconstructed and compared with the current situation. The runoff capacity of the basin was estimated using data available for the temporal periods before and after the reforestation interventions. The results show that the surface of the basin interested by former reforestation activities did not affect the runoff, probably due to a trade-off between the effects of reforestation and a concurrent increase in urbanized and degraded areas. Indeed, the hydrological response is linked to structural complexity of reforested areas, currently at an early stage of development that can be further promoted through forest management activities.

Keywords: Land Use Change, Reforestation, Runoff

iForest 0 (0): 175-182 () - doi: 10.3832/ifor0741-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0741-006

Research Articles: An assessment of climate change impacts on the tropical forests of Central America using the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) land classification system

() — 2013-05-08

Khatun K, Imbach P, Zamora J

AN ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF CENTRAL AMERICA USING THE HOLDRIDGE LIFE ZONE (HLZ) LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Abstract: Ecological models have predicted shifts in forest biomes, yet there have been very few studies that have looked at the implications on carbon stocks due to these shifts. Carbon is closely correlated to biomass and constitutes an important characteristic of the forest ecosystem. It has implications for conservation and land use practices, especially for climate change mitigation strategies currently under discussion, such as REDD+. This study couples the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) classification with the ECHAM5 model, to evaluate the impacts of climate change using the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2, A1B and B1 for the Central American region. We utilize methodologies which combine biophysical variables with model output to assess the impacts on carbon stocks for two time periods, 2000 and 2100, . Results show that overall, the tropical category of the HLZ classification gains area as a result of one type of HLZ shifting to another forest type. In many cases the shifts result in some categories of HLZ being lost in their entirety. Elevation-associated life zones are particularly vulnerable to future climatic changes. A strong point of our approach is that differences between disaggregate regional and aggregate country levels can be compared. We suggest that a critical focus of conservation and management efforts should be concentrated on where vulnerable biomes are at most risk (biomes that shift and/or reduce fall under the vulnerable category).

Keywords: Climate Change, Conservation, Forests, Holdridge Life Zones

iForest 0 (0): 183-189 () - doi: 10.3832/ifor0743-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0743-006

Research Articles: Evaluation of fast growing tree water use under different soil moisture regimes using wick lysimeters

() — 2013-05-08

Mantovani D, Veste M, Badorreck A, Freese D

EVALUATION OF FAST GROWING TREE WATER USE UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES USING WICK LYSIMETERS

Abstract: The cultivation of fast growing trees has high potential for bioenergy production on marginal lands. Information about the water use efficiency in combination with the ecophysiological response to drought stress is still incomplete. For the study of the transpiration-biomass relations satisfactory results can be obtained under controlled conditions by using lysimeters. Nonetheless, several technical problems related to the manufacturing can bias the outcome. Pan lysimeters are economical and relatively easy to assemble, however, saturation at the lower boundary can happen. On the other hand tension lysimeters, where the suction is applied by a vacuum pump, are effective but expensive and need constant maintenance. To avoid stagnancy and reduce production costs we assembled a tension controlled wick lysimeter, where the tension at the bottom layer is actively exerted by a hanging water column through the wick material (rockwool). We aim to assess the performance of the wick lysimeter coupled with an automatic irrigation system for the study of water use-yield relation black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) under different irrigation regimes. The volumetric soil content for each treatment, namely low water (LW), medium water (MW) and high water amount (HW), was maintained at 0.07, 0.14 and 0.2 m3 m-3 respectively. During the vegetation period (161 days) the plants growing at LW reduced their water use by 60%, their leaf area by 40% and the total above ground biomass by 46%. As a result, we found a linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) between the relative biomass produced and the relative water use. The calculated relative water use efficiency (RWUE) for black locust total above ground dry biomass is 0.96. Furthermore, after the harvest we evaluated the effectiveness of the lysimeter and irrigation system: the soil moisture of the treatments was kept up at the predefined values and an unsaturated condition at the boundary layer was maintained throughout the vegetation period. Because of the improved design no roots grew into the drainage extension and no unexpected change of the lysimeters hydraulic property occurred. Considering the relatively low-cost material used and the low maintenance needed, compared to other tension controlled lysimeters, wick lysimeters are effective tools for forestry studies of young trees.

Keywords: Black Locust, Soil Moisture Dynamic, Unsaturated Conditions, Hydrostatic State, Wilting Point, Relative Water Use Efficiency

iForest 0 (0): 190-200 () - doi: 10.3832/ifor0100-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0100-006

Review Papers: Risk assessment of GM trees in the EU: current regulatory framework and guidance

() — 2013-04-08

Aguilera J, Nielsen K, Sweet J

RISK ASSESSMENT OF GM TREES IN THE EU: CURRENT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDANCE

Abstract: The use of genetically modified organisms - their release into the environment, import, and utilisation as food/feed or food/feed ingredients - is regulated in the European Union (EU). For placing onto the market, current legislations require a comprehensive and science-based risk assessment. This risk assessment (RA) is performed by applicants and then evaluated by national authorities in close cooperation with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) has published a comprehensive set of guidance documents for applicants and risk assessors for the RA of GM plants (GMP), their products for food and/or feed use, and their cultivation. In those documents, the strategy and the criteria to conduct the assessment are explained, as well as the scientific data to be provided by the applicant. The assessment starts with the molecular characterisation of the GMP. If the GMP or products derived from it are to be consumed, the evaluation of its composition, potential toxicity and/or allergenicity, and nutritional value constitute further cornerstones of the process. The environmental risk assessment (ERA) considers biotic and abiotic interactions and the impacts of the management of the GM plant when it is intended for cultivation. In the case of GM trees special emphasis would be placed on assessing their characteristic features such as their longevity, ability to disperse and their ecological significance in a range of environments. The outcome of the assessment is reflected in a published opinion from the EFSA GMO panel that indicates whether the GMP and its products raise any safety issues. This scientific opinion constitutes one of the elements taken into account by the different European regulatory authorities prior to a decision regarding authorisation to commercialise the product.

Keywords: GM Trees, Genetically Modified, Transgenic, Recombinant DNA, Risk Identification, Risk Characterization, Exposure Assessment

iForest 6 (3): 127-131 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0101-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0101-006

Research Articles: Differences of fire activity and their underlying factors among vegetation formations in Greece

() — 2013-04-08

Xystrakis F, Koutsias N

DIFFERENCES OF FIRE ACTIVITY AND THEIR UNDERLYING FACTORS AMONG VEGETATION FORMATIONS IN GREECE

Abstract: Climate and weather play an important role in shaping fire activity patterns by controlling fuel productivity and fire spread, respectively. Additionally, climate is a key factor controlling primary productivity while different climate zones are expected to support different vegetation formations, that on their turn, include different fuel types. The use, therefore, of an underlying phytogeographical framework would provide more comprehensive outputs in exploring fire activity patterns at national scales, instead of using administrative units that could include various types of non-ecological divisions. Within this concept, we examined the recent fire activity of the main forest formations occurring in Greece and we explored their relationships with various weather parameters and indexes. Correlations of number of fires with weather variables, especially among the vegetation formations that summarize most of the human influence were lax, yet burned area showed significant correlations mainly with fire season precipitation totals. The precipitation related variables generally outperformed the temperature-related variables in correlating with both number of fires and burned area. Climatic indexes, which embody the combined effects of precipitation and air temperature, reflected improved correlations, but not to the extent that could allow for the promotion of their use in further modeling.

Keywords: Fire History, Fire Regime, Potential Natural Vegetation, Time Series

iForest 6 (3): 132-140 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0837-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0837-006

Review Papers: Payment for forest environmental services: a meta-analysis of successful elements

() — 2013-04-08

Gios G, Rizio D

PAYMENT FOR FOREST ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: A META-ANALYSIS OF SUCCESSFUL ELEMENTS

Abstract: Forest ecosystems produce environmental services from which individuals benefit. In recent decades, interest in these services has significantly increased to meet the demand for new products and services related to landscape use and recreational activities. These new products and services are defined as Non-Wood Forest Products and Services (NWFP&Ss). There is the possibility, and in certain cases the need, to introduce a system of payment for these NWFP&Ss. However, the transformation of forest environmental goods and services into commercial products and services is not a straightforward process. This paper reviews a number of successful payment mechanisms for NWFP&Ss in order to examine the elements which contribute to transforming these externalities into sources of income for people living near forests.

Keywords: Payment For Environmental Services (PES), Forest Resources, Non-wood Forest Products And Services, Landscape, Tourism

iForest 6 (3): 141-149 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0707-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0707-006

Research Articles: Rapid assessment of wind storm-caused forest damage using satellite images and stand-wise forest inventory data

() — 2013-04-08

Jonikavičius D, Mozgeris G

RAPID ASSESSMENT OF WIND STORM-CAUSED FOREST DAMAGE USING SATELLITE IMAGES AND STAND-WISE FOREST INVENTORY DATA

Abstract: This paper introduces a method for rapid forest damage assessment using satellite images and stand-wise forest inventory data. Two Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images from June and September 2010 and data from a forest stand register developed within the frameworks of conventional stand-wise forest inventories in Lithuania were used to assess the forest damage caused by wind storms that occurred on August 8, 2010. Satellite images were geometrically and radiometrically corrected. The percentage of damage in terms of wind-fallen or broken tree volume was then predicted for each forest compartment within the zone potentially affected by the wind storm, using the non-parametric k-nearest neighbor technique. Satellite imagery-based difference images and general forest stand characteristics from the stand register were used as the auxiliary data sets for prediction. All auxiliary data were available from existing databases, and therefore did not involve any added data acquisition costs. Simultaneously, aerial photography of the area damaged by the wind storm was carried-out and color infrared (CIR) orthophotos with a resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 m were produced. A precise manual interpretation of the effects of the wind storm was used to validate satellite image-based estimates. The total wind damaged volume in pine dominating forest (~1.180.000 m3) was underestimated by 2.2%, in predominantly spruce stands (~233.000 m3) by 2.6% and in predominantly deciduous stands (~195.000 m3) by 4.2%, compared to validation data. The overall accuracy of identification of wind-damaged areas was around 95-98%, based solely on difference data from satellite images gathered on two dates.

Keywords: Forest Damage, Satellite Images, Change Detection, k-Nearest Neighbour

iForest 6 (3): 150-155 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0715-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0715-006

Research Articles: A LiDAR-based approach for a multi-purpose characterization of Alpine forests: an Italian case study

() — 2013-04-08

Alberti G, Boscutti F, Pirotti F, Bertacco C, De Simon G, Sigura M, Cazorzi F, Bonfanti P

A LIDAR-BASED APPROACH FOR A MULTI-PURPOSE CHARACTERIZATION OF ALPINE FORESTS: AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY

Abstract: Several studies have verified the suitability of LiDAR for the estimation of forest metrics over large areas. In the present study we used LiDAR as support for the characterization of structure, volume, biomass and naturalistic value in mixed-coniferous forests of the Alpine region. Stem density, height and structure in the test plots were derived using a mathematical morphology function applied directly on the LiDAR point cloud. From these data, digital maps describing the horizontal and vertical forest structure were derived. Volume and biomass were then computed using regression models. A strong agreement (accuracy of the map = 97%, Kappa Cohen = 94%) between LiDAR land cover map (i.e., bare soil, forest, shrubs) and ground data was found, while a moderate agreement between coniferous/broadleaf map derived from LiDAR data and ground surveys was detected (accuracy = 73%, Kappa Cohen = 60%). An analysis of the forest structure map derived from LiDAR data revealed a prevalence of even-age stands (66%) in comparison to the multilayered and uneven-aged forests (20%). In particular, the even-age stands, whether adult or mature, were overwhelming (33%). A moderate agreement was then detected between this map and ground data (accuracy = 68%, Kappa Cohen = 58%). Moreover, strong correlations between LiDAR-estimated and ground-measured volume and aboveground carbon stocks were detected. Related observations also showed that stem density can be rightly estimated for adult and mature forests, but not for younger categories, because of the low LiDAR posting density (2.8 points m-2). Regarding environmental issues, this study allowed us to discriminate the different contribution of LiDAR-derived forest structure to biodiversity and ecological stability. In fact, a significant difference in floristic diversity indexes (species richness - R, Shannon index - H’) was found among structural classes, particularly between pole wood (R=15 and H’=2.8; P <0.01) and multilayer forest (R=31 and H’=3.4) or thicket (R=28 and H’=3.4) where both indexes reached their maximum values.

Keywords: Lorey’s Mean Height, Tree Volume, Carbon Stocks, Biodiversity, Species Richness, LiDAR

iForest 6 (3): 156-168 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0876-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0876-006

Review Papers: Green Infrastructure as a tool to support spatial planning in European urban regions

() — 2013-03-05

Lafortezza R, Davies C, Sanesi G, Konijnendijk C

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AS A TOOL TO SUPPORT SPATIAL PLANNING IN EUROPEAN URBAN REGIONS

Abstract: The last decades have seen a major shift in the planning and development of ecosystem and landscape management in Europe. First of all, in line with international developments, the life-support services of ecosystems have come to the fore through the application of the concept of “ecosystem services”. Secondly, drawing on the principles of landscape ecology linkages between ecosystems are being stressed through the concept of “ecological networks”. Thirdly, there is increasing recognition of the beneficial relationship between access to green space and improved public “health and well-being”. These services and relationships are being linked together in both academic literature and policy practice in what is termed the Green Infrastructure (GI) approach. It is argued that GI networks are discernible at different scales, and across urban, peri-urban and rural landscapes. Furthermore, GI is considered as supportive of ecological processes whilst simultaneously contributing to better human health and well-being. Moreover, especially in urban regions, GI is being placed at the same level as other essential urban infrastructure. Recognising these developments the authors have devised an updated conceptual framework for the development, management, and analysis of GI networks by focusing on contemporary drivers nested together at the territorial level and with a prominent role for temporal considerations. The latter has hitherto been only weakly presented in the GI discourse. Development of the conceptual model has been informed by reference to examples drawn from across Europe. Finally, directions are provided for future research, and for developing and delivering GI in the emerging context of ecosystem services and human well-being.

Keywords: Green Infrastructure (GI), Ecosystem Services, Territorial Cohesion, Urban Forestry, Human Well-being, European Urban Regions, Urban interface

iForest 6 (3): 102-108 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0723-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0723-006

Short Communications: Endophytes in changing environments - do we need new concepts in forest management?

() — 2013-03-05

Krabel D, Morgenstern K, Herzog S

ENDOPHYTES IN CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS - DO WE NEED NEW CONCEPTS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT?

Abstract: The occurrence of endophytic fungi, hosted by living tissues of forest trees seems to be a common phenomenon. Numerous studies show that these colonists are mostly symptomless or even live in a symbiotic relationship to the host plant. Our investigations on Douglas-fir and Rhabdocline needlecast show that Rhabdocline pseudotsugae (Sydow), which has been described exclusively as an obligatory needle pathogen up to now, is able to persist symptomless in different types of plant tissues and therefore an endophytic lifestyle has to be assumed. Whether this lifestyle is part of the infection strategy of the fungus is still unclear. However, examples of other wood associated fungi lead us to the hypothesis that environmental such as climate conditions are able to trigger the phenomenon of changing from a mutualist to a virulent parasite.

Keywords: Douglas-fir, Endophytes, Rhabdocline Needlecast, Climate Change

iForest 6 (3): 109-112 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0932-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0932-006

Research Articles: Regional-scale stand density management diagrams for Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) stands in north-west Spain

() — 2013-03-05

Castaño-Santamaría J, Barrio-Anta M, Álvarez-Álvarez P

REGIONAL-SCALE STAND DENSITY MANAGEMENT DIAGRAMS FOR PYRENEAN OAK (QUERCUS PYRENAICA WILLD.) STANDS IN NORTH-WEST SPAIN

Abstract: Stand Density Management Diagrams are useful tools for designing and evaluating alternative density management regimes without the need of implementing any silvicultural action, and allowing the future stand conditions to be predicted prior to implementing management schedules. In this study, stand density management diagrams were developed for Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) stands in north-west Spain by including data on stand volume, stand aboveground biomass, stand stem biomass and carbon pools. Data were obtained from Third National Forest Inventory plots (n=1860). The large geographical area analyzed in this study was classified by provenance regions, which were compared in terms of biomass production in order to define areas with similar characteristics for use as management units. The comparisons identified 6 independent groups. Different stand-level models and the associated diagrams for the aforementioned stand variables were therefore developed for each group.

Keywords: SDMDs, Pyrenean Oak, Rebollo Oak, Biomass, Forest Management

iForest 6 (3): 113-122 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0880-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0880-006

Technical Notes: Stem-injection of herbicide for control of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle: a practical source of power for drilling holes in stems

() — 2013-03-05

Badalamenti E, La Mantia T

STEM-INJECTION OF HERBICIDE FOR CONTROL OF AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (MILL.) SWINGLE: A PRACTICAL SOURCE OF POWER FOR DRILLING HOLES IN STEMS

Abstract: Ailanthus altissima is a well-known invasive tree in many parts of the world showing an outstanding ability to establish within woodlands and other less-disturbed habitats. Previous studies have reported that control of this species is very difficult because of its strong resprouting. Indeed, effective control can be achieved only by mechanical treatment followed by the application of a systemic herbicide. Operating drills or saws and other mechanical equipment require electric power supply which is not readily available in many invaded sites, notably shrubslands and woodlands. In two study sites, we evaluated control obtained by glyphosate through a stem-injection technique and compared two sources of power for the electric drill used. More than 90% of the glyphosate-treated trees in this study appeared to be dead just 1 month after treatments, and a car battery plus inverter was the most practical electrical source for drilling stems in the field.

Keywords: Invasive Alien Species, Management Strategies, Control Technique, Glyphosate

iForest 6 (3): 123-126 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0693-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0693-006

Editorials: Paul Jarvis, FRS, FRSE: plant ecologist who showed the link between forests and the atmosphere

() — 2013-02-12

Mencuccini M

PAUL JARVIS, FRS, FRSE: PLANT ECOLOGIST WHO SHOWED THE LINK BETWEEN FORESTS AND THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract: (n/a)

Keywords: (n/a)

iForest 6 (2): 100-101 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0102-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0102-006

Research Articles: Spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in a seasonal rainforest with complex terrain

() — 2013-02-07

Song QH, Tan ZH, Zhang YP, Cao M, Sha LQ, Tang Y, Liang NS, Schaefer D, Zhao JF, Zhao JB, Zhang X, Yu L, Deng XB

SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION IN A SEASONAL RAINFOREST WITH COMPLEX TERRAIN

Abstract: Although numerous studies have been conducted to investigate ecosystem-scale soil respiration, our understanding of this process is still incomplete, especially with respect to the spatial variability and ecological factors that drive such variability in respiration. The present study was conducted to investigate the respiration, structural parameters and soil properties in a seasonal rainforest with complex topography. Specifically, we sampled a 20-ha plot in intervals of 20 m to measure the soil respiration. Based on the entire 20-ha plot, the spatial mean soil respiration rate was 4.09 µmol m-2 s-1 and 2.71 µmol m-2 s-1 during the rainy and dry season, respectively. Strong spatial heterogeneity was observed, with coefficients of variance of 42% and 38% being obtained for the rainy and dry season, respectively. The patch size of soil respiration was approximately 40 m, which was much smaller than that of the soil temperature and water content. Soil-respiration hot spots induced a right-skewed probability density function of soil respiration in space. However, termite mounds did not account for the respiration hot spots. The required number of sampling points in our studied forest was estimated to be 71 and 51 for the rainy and dry season, respectively.

Keywords: Semivariance, Soil Physical and Chemical Properties, Soil-respiration Hot Spots, Stand Structure

iForest 6 (2): 65-72 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0681-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0681-006

Research Articles: Assessment of sanitary conditions in stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) damaged by spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae Schrnk.)

() — 2013-02-07

Miezite O, Okmanis M, Indriksons A, Ruba J, Polmanis K, Freimane L

ASSESSMENT OF SANITARY CONDITIONS IN STANDS OF NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES KARST.) DAMAGED BY SPRUCE BUD SCALE (PHYSOKERMES PICEAE SCHRNK.)

Abstract: Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae Schrnk.) affects tree growth directly and indirectly. Direct injury appears in the form of tissue damage, as insects suck sap from tree phloem. Indirect injury appears as “honeydew”, which results in negative effects on tree growth. Plant sap is saturated with various carbohydrates called photosynthates that are difficult for scaly insects to digest. Therefore it is secreted in excrements, which are subsequently a food source for the black sooty mold (Apiosporium pinophilum Fuckel). The fungus covers needles blocking stomata, causing decreased transpiration and photosynthesis. An inexplicable wither of Norway spruce was reported in Latvia during 2010 due to black sooty mold. However, spruce bud scale was not evident. In 2011, mass propagation of spruce bud scale was observed following the 2010 Norway spruce loss. One objective of this research was to determine if Kraft tree growth classes could be applied to establish the factors responsible for tree foliage damage. Six 21 - 40 year old (second age class) Norway spruce stands were evaluated. Two circular sample plots with a 7.98 m radius, and a 200-m2 area were randomly established per each forest stand hectare. Diameter at breast height (dbh, 1.3 m), and height of approximately 30 trees was measured to model a trend. For all trees, Kraft class, and foliage damage level caused by spruce bud scale and black sooty mold were determined. Significant differences were not observed in tree damage levels among stands, however significant differences among damage levels in different Kraft classes were detected (F = 3.45 > Fcrit. = 2.80, α = 0.05 > P = 0.02) found. Overall damage intensity was 29.3 %. Total forestry loss was 1153 LVL (1640 EUR) for all surveyed stands (10 ha), and 115 LVL (164 EUR) per hectare.

Keywords: Norway spruce, Spruce bud scale, Kraft’s classes, Damage intensity, Economical losses

iForest 6 (2): 73-78 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0703-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0703-006

Review Papers: Prescribed burning in Italy: issues, advances and challenges

() — 2013-02-07

Ascoli D, Bovio G

PRESCRIBED BURNING IN ITALY: ISSUES, ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES

Abstract: Prescribed burning has been carried out since the late 1970s in several southern European countries. Italy hosted some pioneer experiences in the early ’80s, but these did not follow up into practical implementation, and few studies and applications were carried out in subsequent years. In the last decade, a new interest arose and several experiences were carried out. We aim to illustrate the limitations, advances and challenges of prescribed burning in Italy by reviewing the national literature of the last 40 years on this subject. Unfavorable land characteristics, conflicting management goals, a hostile socio-cultural environment, and an inadequate regulatory framework have supposedly limited the application of prescribed burning in Italy. Nevertheless, in the last 20 years the legislation at the regional level has been updated to consider the use of fire, and new procedures to authorize prescribed fires allowed for experiments and application, even within National Parks. From 2005 to 2012, prescribed burning programs for fire hazard reduction, forest and range management, biodiversity conservation and firefighter training were implemented throughout Italy. Several vegetation and fuel types were involved (e.g., broadleaved and coniferous forests, Mediterranean and continental shrubland, grassland, slash). Studies on fire behavior and effects helped to set prescriptions for specific objectives and environments. Results were transferred to professionals through training sessions. Some of the challenges ahead are improving the legislative framework, e.g., by introducing a certification for the use of fire, and addressing issues of pastoral fire through conflict resolution programs. Prescribed burning in Italy could be developed by committing to carry out ecological studies on its implications to silviculture, range management and habitat conservation.

Keywords: Wildfire, Integrated Fire Management, Biodiversity, Historical Fire Use

iForest 6 (2): 79-89 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0803-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0803-006

Research Articles: Sodium and potassium allocation under drought stress in Atlas mastic tree (Pistacia atlantica subsp. mutica)

() — 2013-02-07

Fayyaz P, Etemadi E, Julaiee-Manesh N, Zolfaghari R

SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ALLOCATION UNDER DROUGHT STRESS IN ATLAS MASTIC TREE (PISTACIA ATLANTICA SUBSP. MUTICA)

Abstract: Sodium and potassium ions have crucial roles in drought tolerant mechanisms of plants. In a pot experiment, seedlings of Pistacia atlantica subsp. mutica were cultivated in a silty clay soil (Kex=21 mg/l, Naex=143 mg/l) and exposed to different levels of soil water content (90, 65 and 45% FC). P. atlantica maintained leaf transpiration rate, and relative water content and cation (Na+ and K+) content of different organs under moderate water deficit (above permanent wilting point). At higher water shortage, the amount of transpiration rate and the relative water content of tissues were reduced, but the amount of Na+ and K+ remained unaffected even under severe drought stress (below permanent wilting point). Generally, the amount of K+ content in plant organism was higher than that of Na+. The amount of root to shoot Na+ was higher than that of K+. Potassium contents of leaves and stems were positively related with transpiration rate, whereas Na+ contents of roots and stems were positively related with root relative water content. Roots and stem of Atlas mastic tree seedlings exhibit high drought tolerance index for Na+ and K+.

Keywords: Pistacia atlantica Desf., Univalent Cations, Physiological Traits, Ion Translocation, Water Deficit

iForest 6 (2): 90-94 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0856-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0856-006

Technical Reports: Soil bio-engineering for watershed management and disaster mitigation in Ecuador: a short-term species suitability test

() — 2013-02-07

Preti F, Petrone A

SOIL BIO-ENGINEERING FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN ECUADOR: A SHORT-TERM SPECIES SUITABILITY TEST

Abstract: This paper reports a soil bio-engineering technical assessment program conducted in the Santo Domingo, Ecuador region. Autochthonous plant species survivorship and vegetative growth was evaluated in a short-term palisade experimental regime. Among the four species evaluated, Brugmansia versicolor, Malvaviscus penduliflorus, and Trichanthera gigantea performed well, evidenced by > 70% survivorship, however Euphorbia cotinifolia exhibited increased mortality (59%). Significant differences and notable variability in terminal shoot length and stem diameter among species indicated further study is warranted in growth parameters.

Keywords: Soil bio-engineering, Ecuador, Watershed Management, Disaster Mitigation

iForest 6 (2): 95-99 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0636-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0636-006

Review Papers: Shaping the multifunctional tree: the use of Salicaceae in environmental restoration

() — 2013-01-21

Tognetti R, Cocozza C, Marchetti M

SHAPING THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL TREE: THE USE OF SALICACEAE IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION

Abstract: Poplars and willows (and other fast growing tree species) form an important component of agroforestry systems, providing a wide range of ecosystem services and products. The workshop held in Capracotta (6th and 7th June 2012) has communicated the latest research on poplars and willows in the field of environmental restoration conducted in Italy, providing a condensed overview on their basic response to pollutants and use in environmental monitoring, highlighting future challenges of phytotechnology issues. In the frame of the project MIUR-PRIN 2008 “Molecular, physiological, and agronomic analyses for selecting and managing Salicacee in phytoremediation”, 17 talks were delivered to an audience of more than 50 researchers. Prominence was given to stress biology and the importance of poplar and willow breeding in meeting the needs of ecological restoration. The aim of this review is provide a timely account of the questions related to phytotechnology in shaping the multifunctional tree, particularly with regard to tree responses to environmental pollution. While the question is scientifically challenging, progress may be achieved by exposing the different environmental restoration models and underlying guiding principles to tests against experimental data and each other. Research and development should focus simultaneously on maximizing the yield of multipurpose tree plantations, while preserving or restoring ecosystem services of close-to-nature willow-poplar stands (e.g., riparian forests). We hope that this review will stimulate further studies in this interesting area of tree biology.

Keywords: Agroforestry Systems, Climate Change, Phytoremediation, Poplar, Restoration Ecology, Willow

iForest 6 (1): 37-47 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0920-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0920-006

Technical Advances: Forest stand height determination from low point density airborne laser scanning data in Roznava Forest enterprise zone (Slovakia)

() — 2013-01-21

Smreček R, Danihelová Z

FOREST STAND HEIGHT DETERMINATION FROM LOW POINT DENSITY AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING DATA IN ROZNAVA FOREST ENTERPRISE ZONE (SLOVAKIA)

Abstract: The presented paper discusses the potential of low point density airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for use in forestry management. Scanning was carried out in the Rožnava Forest enterprise zone, Slovakia, with a mean laser point density of 1 point per 3 m2. Data were processed in SCOP++ using the hierarchic robust filtering technique. Two DTMs were created from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and contour data and one DSM was created using ALS data. For forest stand height, two normalised DSMs (nDSMs) were created by subtraction of the DSM and DTM. The forest stand heights derived from these nDSMs and the application of maximum and mean zonal functions were compared with those contained in the current Forest Management Plan (FMP). The forest stand heights derived from these data and the application of maxima and mean zonal functions were compared with those contained in the current Forest management plan. The use of the mean function and the contour-derived DTM resulted in forest stand height being underestimated by approximately 3% for stands of densities 0.9 and 1.0, and overestimated by 6% for a stand density of 0.8. Overestimation was significantly greater for lower forest stand densities: 81% for a stand density of 0.0 and 37% for a density of 0.4, with other discrepancies ranging between 15 and 30%. Although low point density ALS should be used carefully in the determination of other forest stand parameters, this low-cost method makes it useful as a control tool for felling, measurement of disaster areas and the detection of gross errors in the FMP data. Through determination of forest stand height, tree felling in three forest stands was identified. Because of big differences between the determined forest stand height and the heights obtained from the FMP, tree felling was verified on orthoimages.

Keywords: Airborne Laser Scanning, Low Point Density, Forestry, Forest Stand Height

iForest 6 (1): 48-54 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0767-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0767-006

Commentaries & Perspectives: The role of plant sociology in the study and management of European forest ecosystems

() — 2013-01-21

Blasi C, Burrascano S

THE ROLE OF PLANT SOCIOLOGY IN THE STUDY AND MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

Abstract: Forest composition is a faithful indicator of the stressors and disturbances that influence forest ecosystems, and it should be accounted for in Sustainable Forest Management policies. Indeed, the classification of forest ecosystems in forest types is considered as a key tool to improve the assessment and monitoring of forest biological diversity, and for the definition of management guidelines. Accordingly, the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe has recognized the need of developing a pan-European forest classification in forest types, and has identified indicators of Sustainable Forest Management that should be applied by forest types. The classification of vegetation has always been among the main aims of the plant sociology. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of plant species composition, performed through the plant sociological approach, condenses compositional and structural information within a hierarchical system, and expresses all historical, sociological and habitat factors that influence the actual and potential vegetation. In a modern perspective the integration of plant sociology and ecological analysis represents a key to a hierarchical land classification and to the understanding of vegetation dynamics; furthermore the long history of plant sociology determined the availability of large datasets of vegetation data throughout Europe. Starting from these considerations, in this paper we briefly describe how plant sociology could represent a tool for the assessment of the indicators of SFM that should be applied by forest types, giving insights on how this discipline could contribute to the assessment of each of these indicators.

Keywords: Forest Composition, Land Ecological Classification, Vegetation Dynamics, Indicators, Sustainable Forest Management

iForest 6 (2): 55-58 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0913-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0913-006

Technical Reports: Decision making in forest road planning considering both skidding and road costs: a case study in the Hyrcanian Forest in Iran

() — 2013-01-21

Jourgholami M, Abdi E, Chung W

DECISION MAKING IN FOREST ROAD PLANNING CONSIDERING BOTH SKIDDING AND ROAD COSTS: A CASE STUDY IN THE HYRCANIAN FOREST IN IRAN

Abstract: Hyrcanian forest is the only forest designated for commercial timber production in Iran. Ground-based skidding is the most common extraction system used in the forest, though large parts of the forest are still inaccessible due to the low road density (1-2 m ha-1). To facilitate timber harvesting in the forest, it has been proposed to increase the road density up to 20 m ha-1. The aim of this study was to incorporate the estimated skidding costs through a time study into an existing transportation planning tool, NETWORK 2000, to help decision making on forest road building. We applied this method to the Gorazbon district in the Hyrcanian forest, where 244 links were built for the analysis. The best solution found by NETWORK 2000 indicates that all the proposed roads should be built to minimize the total skidding and road building costs.

Keywords: Forest Road Network, Optimization, NETWORK 2000, Fixed Cost, Variable Costs

iForest 6 (2): 59-64 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0640-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0640-006

Technical Advances: A meta-database comparison from various European Research and Monitoring Networks dedicated to forest sites

() — 2013-01-14

Danielewska A, Clarke N, Olejnik J, Hansen K, Vries W, Lundin L, Tuovinen J, Fischer R, Urbaniak M, Paoletti E

A META-DATABASE COMPARISON FROM VARIOUS EUROPEAN RESEARCH AND MONITORING NETWORKS DEDICATED TO FOREST SITES

Abstract: Of a wide variety of international forest research and monitoring networks, several networks are dedicated to the effects of climate change on forests, while the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on forests have been a major area for both monitoring and research for decades. The large amounts of data already obtained within existing monitoring programmes and large-scale international projects can be used to increase understanding of the state and potential of forest mitigation and adaptation to climate change in a polluted environment, and a major challenge now is to evaluate and integrate the presently available databases. We present a meta-database with the main goal to highlight available data and integrate the information about research and monitoring of selected European Research and Monitoring Networks (ERMNs). Depending on the selected ERMNs, the list of variables and the measurement units differ widely in the databases. As a result, activities related to the identification, evaluation and integration of the presently available databases are important for the scientific community. Furthermore, and equally important, the recognition of current knowledge gaps and future needed research is made easier. This analysis suggests that: ground-level ozone is under-investigated, although it is one of the pollutants of greatest concern to forests; in addition to CO2, long-term other greenhouse gasses (GHG) flux measurements should be carried out; there is still a need of improving links between monitoring of atmospheric changes and impacts on forests; research-oriented manipulative experiments in the forests are missing.

Keywords: Research and Monitoring Network, Meta-database, Forest, Monitoring

iForest 6 (1): 1-9 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0751-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0751-006

Short Communications: Biomass production of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands in Latvia

() — 2013-01-14

Jansons A, Sisenis L, Neimane U, Rieksts-Riekstins J

BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF YOUNG LODGEPOLE PINE (PINUS CONTORTA VAR. LATIFOLIA) STANDS IN LATVIA

Abstract: Biomass as a source of renewable energy is gaining an increasing importance in the context of emission targets set by the European Union. Large areas of abandoned agricultural land with different soils are potentially available for establishment of biomass plantations in the Baltic states. Considering soil and climatic requirements as well as traits characteristic for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm) and the scarcity of published knowledge, we assessed the above-ground biomass of Pinus contorta in comparison to that of native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and factors affecting biomass production. Data were collected in 3 experimental trials, located in two sites in central part of Latvia: Zvirgzde and Kuldiga (56°41’ N, 24°28’ E and 57°03’ N, 21°57’ E, respectively). Trials were established with density 5000 tree ha-1, using seed material from Canada (50°08’-60°15’ N, 116°25’-132°50’ W) and two Pinus contorta stands with unknown origin growing in Latvia. Results reveal that absolute dry aboveground biomass of Pinus contorta reaches 114 ± 6.4 t ha-1 at age 16 on a fertile former arable land, 48 ± 3.6 and 94 ± 9.4 t ha-1 at age 22 and 25, respectively, on a sandy forest land (Vacciniosa forest type). The biomass is significantly (p < 0.01) and considerably (more than two-fold) higher than that of the native Pinus sylvestris and the productivity is similar (in fertile soils) or higher (on poor soils) than reported for other species in energy-wood plantations. Provenance was a significant factor affecting the above-ground biomass, and the ranking of provenances did not change significantly between different soil conditions. It provides opportunities for further improvement of productivity using selection.

Keywords: Introduced Species, Productivity, Provenance, Above-ground Biomass

iForest 6 (1): 10-14 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0637-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0637-006

Research Articles: Estimating crown defoliation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees using small format digital aerial images

() — 2013-01-14

Mozgeris G, Augustaitis A

ESTIMATING CROWN DEFOLIATION OF SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) TREES USING SMALL FORMAT DIGITAL AERIAL IMAGES

Abstract: This study focuses on the possibilities of using small format digital aerial images for the estimation of tree crown condition. The test area was located in the eastern part of Lithuania where Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees prevail and was photographed using a Canon EOS-1DsMark II digital camera installed on-board a SkyArrow ultra-light aircraft. The camera lenses were adopted to capture images corresponding to conventional color-infrared photography. In addition, the test area was photographed using a large format digital frame aerial camera (Vexcel UltraCam D) installed on board a Rockwell Turbo Commander 690A high performance commuter aircraft. The ground sampling density of the images taken was around 9-10 cm. Crown defoliation was assessed in the field for more than 500 Scots pine trees located in 46 sample plots representing stands of trees that were either 65 years old or 170 years old. Spearman’s correlations coefficients were used to check for relationships between tree crown defoliation and image characteristics. The defoliation was also predicted using the non-parametric k-Nearest Neighbor method applied on data available from aerial images alone. The results were validated using the “Leave One Out” technique by comparing the obtained data with data from the field assessed defoliation rates. The prediction root mean square errors were calculated using data from the small format aerial images as being 11.5% for the younger trees, whereas those calculated using conventional aerial images were between 9.5 and 9.9%. The differences in predicted root mean square errors disappeared in the older stands and both methods produced errors of between 8.1 and 8.5%. Defoliation class was correctly predicted for approximately 84-88% of the older tree crowns and correctly for 75-85% of the younger tree crowns. These results showed that small format aerial images had the potential to predict defoliation in tree crowns and were comparable with results obtained using conventional aerial images. Their main advantage is that small format images are much cheaper to obtain than conventional images when the areas targeted are thousands of hectares in size.

Keywords: k-Nearest Neighbor, Small Format Aerial Images, Tree Crown Defoliation, Ultra-light Aircraft

iForest 6 (1): 15-22 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0705-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0705-006

Research Articles: Predicting tree crown defoliation using color-infrared orthophoto maps

() — 2013-01-14

Eigirdas M, Augustaitis A, Mozgeris G

PREDICTING TREE CROWN DEFOLIATION USING COLOR-INFRARED ORTHOPHOTO MAPS

Abstract: Orthophoto maps based on color-infrared aerial photography have been used by the Lithuanian forest inventory since 2001. This study aimed to investigate the opportunities for using these orthophoto maps to predict tree crown defoliation at the single tree and sample plot levels. The test area was located in the Aukstaitija National Park, eastern Lithuania, and it was photographed in the summer of 2008 using a Vexcel UltraCam D digital frame aerial camera to produce digital orthophoto maps with a 0.5 x 0.5 m ground sampling density. Some 1721 tree crowns (mainly pine, spruce and birch), located in 166 permanent sample plots, were identified and delineated on the orthophoto maps. Crown defoliation and other dendrometric characteristics were field-estimated for all of these trees in summer 2008. Judgments on the suitability of using color-infrared aerial photography based orthophotos to estimate tree crown defoliation were based on the accuracy of the defoliation prediction. Defoliation for each crown was predicted using the non-parametric k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) method and characteristics extracted from the digital orthophoto maps as the auxiliary variables for prediction. Prediction accuracies were validated using the “Leave One Out” technique by comparing the predicted data with data from field-assessed crown defoliations. The lowest root mean square errors for the predicted tree crown defoliation values were 7.564 for pine trees, 9.166 for spruce and 7.712 for birch and the highest coefficients of correlation between field-estimated and predicted crown defoliations were 0.576, 0.600 and 0.386, respectively. However, there was no best performing solution for using the k-NN prediction found, as the best results were achieved using different approaches. Next, predicted and field estimated tree crown defoliation values were aggregated up to the sample plot level by taking an averaging of trees in the same sample plot. The root mean square error at the sample plot level was around 3.7 %, the bias was statistically not significant and the correlation coefficients between plot-wise average values of field-estimated and predicted defoliations were around 0.8. The achieved results suggested that color-infrared orthophoto maps could be a potential data source of forest health characteristics for use in stand-wise forest inventories.

Keywords: Color-infrared Aerial Image, Orthophoto Map, Non-parametric k-Nearest Neighbor Method, Tree Crown Defoliation

iForest 6 (1): 23-29 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0721-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0721-006

Research Articles: Spectral reflectance properties of healthy and stressed coniferous trees

() — 2013-01-14

Masaitis G, Mozgeris G, Augustaitis A

SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE PROPERTIES OF HEALTHY AND STRESSED CONIFEROUS TREES

Abstract: This study investigates the properties of hyperspectral reflectance of healthy and stressed coniferous trees. Two coniferous tree species which naturally grow in Lithuania, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), as well as an introduced species, Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour), were selected for the study. Hyperspectral reflectance data were collected under laboratory conditions by scanning the needles of healthy (no foliar loss) and stressed Norway spruce (foliar loss 66-70%), Scots pine (foliar loss 71-75%) and Siberian pine (foliar loss 86-90%) trees using a Themis Vision Systems VNIR 400H hyperspectral imaging camera. The spectrometer of the camera covers the spectral range of 400-1000 nm with the sampling interval of 0.6 nm. Simultaneously, the chlorophyll a and b content in the needles was determined by spectrophotometrically measuring the needles’ absorbance of ethanol extracts. The statistical analyses included principal component analysis, analysis of variance and partial least squares regression techniques. Relatively large spectral differences between healthy and stressed trees were detected for Norway spruce needles: 884 out of 955 wavebands indicated a statistically different reflectance (p<0.05). The reflectance associated with the stress level was statistically different (p<0.05) in 767 and 698 out of 955 wavebands for Scots pine and Siberian pine, respectively. The most informative wavelengths for spectral separation between the needles taken from healthy and stressed trees were found in the following spectral ranges: 701.0-715.7 nm for Norway spruce, 706.1-718.2 nm for Scots pine, and 862.3-893.1 nm for Siberian pine. The relationship between the spectral reflectance properties of the needles and their chlorophyll content was also determined for each species. Waveband ranges (as well as single bands) most sensitive to changes in chlorophyll content were: 709.9-722.1 nm (715.6 nm) for Norway spruce; 709.3-721.4 nm (715.0 nm) for Scots pine; 710.6-722.7 nm (720.1 nm) for Siberian pine. In general, the study revealed that narrow-band based hyperspectral imaging has the potential for accurately detecting stress in coniferous trees.

Keywords: Conifers, Imaging Spectrometry, Hyperspectral Reflectance, Tree Stress, Waveband Selection

iForest 6 (1): 30-36 (2013) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0709-006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0709-006

Research Articles: Simplified methods to inventory the current annual increment of forest standing volume

() — 2012-12-17

Marziliano P, Menguzzato G, Scuderi A, Corona P

SIMPLIFIED METHODS TO INVENTORY THE CURRENT ANNUAL INCREMENT OF FOREST STANDING VOLUME

Abstract: The assessment of the current annual increment of forest standing volume (CAI) is a fundamental tool to support forest management and planning. A suitable approach to such an end is to rely on growth and yield models. However, this kind of models are often not available for many countries and/or locations and/or species. Furthermore, they may become obsolete due to potential changes in the environmental and silvicultural conditions. Such shortcomings may be distinctively detrimental in the context of forest inventories. Several methods have been proposed to inventory CAI on one single occasion, i.e., when repeated measurements of standing volume are not available. A well-known family of methods, still largely exploited in Alpine and Eastern European countries, derives from the estimation of the percentage current annual increment of forest standing volume by the current annual increments of stem diameter and tree height (Δh). In this study an experimental comparison of Δh assessment by three different approaches is presented with reference to a properly designed case study: (i) Δh is measured on felled trees; (ii) Δh is estimated by dynamic height curve (i.e., diameter-height-age model); (iii) Δh is estimated by conventional height curve (i.e., diameter-height model). Under the examined experimental conditions (a pure forest of silver fir on highly fertile soils in southern Italy, aged around 60 years), both simplified approaches (ii) and (iii) have proven to underestimate height increments, with a larger underestimation by the approach based on the conventional height curve. However, the consequent error in the estimation of percentage current annual increment of forest standing volume has proved to be quite limited (4% for the approach based on the dynamic height curve and around 9% for the approach based on the conventional height curve). Hence, such simplified approaches may be rather safely considered for estimating percentage current annual increment of forest standing volume when neither Δh is directly detectable on standing trees nor sample trees can be felled, nor an appropriate model to predict Δh is available. The Δh estimation on the conventional height curve should turn out to be even more suitable in the case of uneven-aged stands, where the position of the height curve remains stationary over time.

Keywords: Forest growth, Percentage current annual increment, Current annual increment of tree height, Schneider’s coefficient, Forest management, Forest inventory

iForest 5 (6): 276-282 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0635-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0635-005

Research Articles: Effects of cultural treatments, seedling type and morphological characteristics on survival and growth of wild cherry seedlings in Turkey

() — 2012-12-17

Esen D, Yildiz O, Esen U, Edis S, Çetintas C

EFFECTS OF CULTURAL TREATMENTS, SEEDLING TYPE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF WILD CHERRY SEEDLINGS IN TURKEY

Abstract: Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) is receiving increasing attention from foresters in Europe and Turkey for its fast growth, highly-valued wood and benefits for wildlife and biodiversity. Little documentation may be found concerning the selection of appropriate cultural treatments and the quality and types of seedlings used for wild cherry plantations. This study reports the effects of various combinations of intensive cultural treatments (including weed control, soil tillage, and fertilization) and seedling types on early growth, survival, and nutrition of one-year-old wild cherry seedlings out-planted on four different sites in the western Black Sea Region of Turkey. After two years, early seedling survival and growth were clearly enhanced for potted seedlings. For bare-root seedlings, initial seedling root-collar diameter and height successfully correlated with survival two years after planting. Seedlings with a root-collar diameter of 6-8 mm and height of 60-70 cm demonstrated the best survival rates in the field. The wild cherry seedlings were shown to be highly sensitive to herbaceous weed competition early in their establishment, warranting effective weed control. When used in addition to weed control, neither intensive fertilization nor soil tillage treatments significantly increased seedling survival and growth two years after planting. Therefore, intensive site preparation, as well as fertilization, are not recommended at this stage for planting sites without severe nutrient deficiencies.

Keywords: Fertilization, Seedling Quality, Tillage, Weed Competition

iForest 5 (6): 283-289 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0639-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0639-005

Review Papers: Digital hemispherical photography for estimating forest canopy properties: current controversies and opportunities

() — 2012-12-17

Chianucci F, Cutini A

DIGITAL HEMISPHERICAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR ESTIMATING FOREST CANOPY PROPERTIES: CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Abstract: Hemispherical photography has been used since the 1960s in forest ecology. Nevertheless, specific constraints related to film cameras have progressively prevented widespread adoption of this photographic method. Advances in digital photographic technology hold great promise to overcome the major drawbacks of hemispherical photography, particularly regarding field techniques and image processing aspects. This contribution is aimed to: (i) provide a basic foreground of digital hemispherical photography; (ii) illustrate the major strengths and weakness of the method; (iii) provide an reliable protocol for image acquisition and analysis, to get the most out of using hemispherical photography for canopy properties extraction.

Keywords: Digital Hemispherical Photography, Fisheye Lens, Leaf Area Index, Radiative Transfer, Foliage Clumping

iForest 5 (6): 290-295 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0775-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0775-005

Technical Advances: Combining bioengineering and plant conservation on a Mediterranean islet

() — 2012-12-17

La Mantia T, Messana G, Billeci V, Dimarca A, Del Signore M, Leanza M, Livreri Console S, Maraventano G, Nicolini G, Prazzi E, Quatrini P, Sanguedolce F, Sorrentino G, Pasta S

COMBINING BIOENGINEERING AND PLANT CONSERVATION ON A MEDITERRANEAN ISLET

Abstract: This paper reports the results of a bioengineering intervention within the Mediterranean Basin carried out at Lampedusa Island (Strait of Sicily) on the “Spiaggia dei Conigli”, the only sand shore of all Sicilian territory where the sea turtle Caretta caretta lays its eggs every year. The erosion of the steep slope over the beach itself caused sensitive changes in the grain size of shore’s sediment and reduced the area of the beach with fine sand suitable for C. caretta oviposition. In order to reduce surface water flow and to stop erosion, several bioengineering options were adopted using only native plant species to preserve local botanical heritage and to prevent the local extinction of some species. One year after interventions, average plant establishment was about 90% and many species which were severely endangered before the action (i.e., Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden subsp. bicolor (Willd.) B. Nord. & Greuter and Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss.) are now at low risk. Micropropagation and inoculation with beneficial root microbial symbionts were successfully applied to selected species. Regular demographic and phytosociological monitoring on permanent plot areas enabled to quantify the effect of bioengineering techniques on plant percentage cover and plant survival. The combination of bioengineering, biotechnology, and agronomic practices applied on plants appears to be effective in increasing plant cover and preserving several locally endangered plant species. Results presented here suggest that erosion can be controlled without moving large quantities of soil and without planting tree species.

Keywords: Reforestation, Landscape, Protected area, Endangered plants, Lampedusa island

iForest 5 (6): 296-305 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0638-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0638-005

Research Articles: Model-based assessment of ecological adaptations of three forest tree species growing in Italy and impact on carbon and water balance at national scale under current and future climate scenarios

() — 2012-10-24

Vitale M, Mancini M, Matteucci G, Francesconi F, Valenti R, Attorre F

MODEL-BASED ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF THREE FOREST TREE SPECIES GROWING IN ITALY AND IMPACT ON CARBON AND WATER BALANCE AT NATIONAL SCALE UNDER CURRENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS

Abstract: A semi-empirical model has been used to estimate total net primary productivity, canopy transpiration and the water use efficiency under actual and future climate projections (B1 and A2 IPCC Scenarios) of two deciduous (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus cerris) and one evergreen tree species (Quercus ilex) growing in Italy. In response to changes in the air temperature, the two deciduous species showed a strong reduction of NPP values, whereas the evergreen one showed very limited reductions. Under future warmer conditions, Q. ilex proved to be the best adapted species, probably for its drought-tolerant water-saving strategy, while Q. cerris suffered a reduction of transpiration, due to stomatal closure which was sensitive to the change of evaporative demand. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) values did not increase in the B1 and A2 scenarios, indicating a non-conservative water-saving strategy, which likely affected the distribution pattern of Q. cerris under these conditions. Similar functional behaviour have been noted for F. sylvatica, although this species adopted a water spending strategy, typical of species growing in mesic environments, that could represent a risk for survival of beech population under extreme air temperature change. In this respect, the reduced suitable area for this species under the A2 scenario could reduce the possibilities of an upward shift toward higher altitudes.

Keywords: Semi-empirical Model, Climate Change, Mediterranean Region, Net Primary Productivity, Water Use Efficiency

iForest 5 (5): 235-246 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0634-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0634-005

Research Articles: Nonlinear mixed model approaches to estimating merchantable bole volume for Pinus occidentalis

() — 2012-10-24

Bueno-López S, Bevilacqua E

NONLINEAR MIXED MODEL APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING MERCHANTABLE BOLE VOLUME FOR PINUS OCCIDENTALIS

Abstract: The ability to predict cumulative bole volume to any predefined upper stem diameter on a standing tree is essential for estimating current inventory levels and making informed decisions regarding the management of forest resources. Several types of mathematical models have been developed to predict cumulative bole volume, requiring only the collection of low cost data but high accuracy tree measurements. This paper reports on the comparison of a variable-exponent taper model and a volume-ratio model for estimating inside-bark cumulative bole volume to three predefined upper stem diameters using stem analysis data Pinus occidentalis trees in La Sierra, Dominican Republic. Each sampled tree was measured at multiple points on the bole, making observations spatially correlated within the tree. Inference problems due to autocorrelation were addressed by using a nonlinear mixed-effects model fitted by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and including two random parameter coefficients at tree level in each of the two models tested. Using an independent validation data set, the variable-exponent taper model with two random parameters demonstrated better predictive ability as compared to the volume-ratio model when estimating cumulative bole volume to the three predefined upper stem diameters. The taper model allows flexible volume estimation for the population average as well for specific trees.

Keywords: Nonlinear Mixed-effects Models, Restricted Maximum Likelihood, Taper Model, Volume-ratio Model, Random Coefficients, Calibration, Pinus occidentalis

iForest 5 (5): 247-254 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0630-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0630-005

Short Communications: Local spread of an exotic invader: using remote sensing and spatial analysis to document proliferation of the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp

() — 2012-10-24

Graziosi I, Rieske L

LOCAL SPREAD OF AN EXOTIC INVADER: USING REMOTE SENSING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS TO DOCUMENT PROLIFERATION OF THE INVASIVE ASIAN CHESTNUT GALL WASP

Abstract: Remote sensing and spatial analysis represent useful tools for modeling species’ dispersal, characterizing the spread of invasions and the invasability of a region, and thus allowing more accurate predictions for developing mitigation strategies. American chestnut, Castanea dentata, was historically a dominant forest species in North America, but occurs only sporadically today after its functional elimination by an exotic fungal pathogen in the early 1900’s. In recent decades Castanea resources have increased due to restoration efforts, commercial chestnut plantations, and horticultural uses. This resurgence is threatened by an additional exotic species, the globally invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus. The gall wasp was first discovered in Lexington, Kentucky (USA) in 2010. We used remotely sensed data and Geographic Information Systems to describe the local distribution of the Castanea hosts, and the occurrence and dispersal of the gall wasp. We tested the hypotheses that geomorphology, Castanea occurrence, and prevailing winds influence local proliferation. We found that gall wasp spread may be attributable to host plant distribution and to the effects of prevailing winds occurring during a brief period of adult insect emergence, and is influenced by topography. Our results suggest that weather data and topographic features can be used to delineate currently infested areas and predict future gall wasp infestations.

Keywords: Dryocosmus Kuriphilus, Cynipidae, Remote Sensing, GIS, Spatial Analysis

iForest 5 (5): 255-261 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0633-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0633-005

Technical Reports: Tourism innovation in the forestry sector: comparative analysis between Auckland Region (New Zealand) and Trentino (Italy)

() — 2012-10-24

Notaro S, Paletto A, Piffer M

TOURISM INNOVATION IN THE FORESTRY SECTOR: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN AUCKLAND REGION (NEW ZEALAND) AND TRENTINO (ITALY)

Abstract: Innovation is a primary aspect of economic growth and development and depends on the ability of entrepreneurs to create economic value by introducing new products or services, designing different production processes or rearranging organisational practices. The spreading of innovation is a key element in all economic sectors, including the forestry sector. Four types of innovation can be found in the forestry sector: product innovations (e.g., wood assortments), service innovations (e.g., biodiversity conservation and forest recreation), technological innovations (e.g., the introduction of new machinery, such as harvesters, processors or forwarders) and organisational innovations (e.g., changes in the production process or in the firm’s organisational structure). In this paper, we focus on service innovations linked to tourism and recreation in the forest using a comparative investigation. In particular, three types of recreational innovations in the forest (adventure parks, educational farms, and cultural attractions) were analysed within two case studies located poles apart (Auckland Region in New Zealand and Trentino in Italy). The results of a questionnaire, submitted during face-to-face interviews, to a sample of New Zealand and Italian entrepreneurs indicated the level of innovation in the forestry sector, the elements of weakness and strength of the innovation process, and the potential of the transferability of novelties into each of the two contexts.

Keywords: Forestry Innovation System, Entrepreneurship, Tourism and Recreation in Forest

iForest 5 (5): 262-271 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0631-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0631-005

Technical Reports: Evaluating humus forms variation in an unmanaged mixed beech forest using two different classification methods

() — 2012-10-24

Waez-Mousavi S, Habashi H

EVALUATING HUMUS FORMS VARIATION IN AN UNMANAGED MIXED BEECH FOREST USING TWO DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION METHODS

Abstract: Humus is an important part of terrestrial ecosystems and can be considered as an indicator of ecosystem functioning status. Morphologic method is an inexpensive and easy way to study humus forms. This study investigated two morphological methods that have been applied in beech stands of Hyrcanian forest and compared them to assess which one is more appropriate for these ecosystems. Therefore an unmanaged beech stand was selected and 320 humus profiles were considered in it. In each profile the humus form was determined as to suborder level according to two morphological methods. The results showed that the average thickness of organic and organo-mineral horizons (OL, OF, OH and Ah) in the study site was 2, 0.6, 0.3 and 3.6 cm, respectively. Also the two different morphological methods used in the study site had different functions and outputs. According to both methods the Mull order was the dominant humus form in the study site. The number of humus suborders found in the study site was different in the two methods and indicates their different ability in describing humus forms in the study site

Keywords: Humus Classification, Mixed Beech Forests, Hyrcanian Forest, Organic Horizons

iForest 5 (5): 272-275 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0632-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0632-005

Research Articles: Using self-organizing maps in the visualization and analysis of forest inventory

() — 2012-10-02

Klobucar D, Subasic M

USING SELF-ORGANIZING MAPS IN THE VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF FOREST INVENTORY

Abstract: A lot of useful data on forest condition can be gathered from the Forest Inventory (FI). Without the help of data analysis tools, human experts cannot manually interpret information in such a large data set. Conventional multivariate statistical analyses provide results that are difficult to interpret and often do not represent the information in a satisfactory way. Our goal is to identify an alternative approach that will enable fast and efficient interpretation and analysis of the FI data. Such interpretation and analysis can be performed automatically with a clustering method, but all clustering methods have some shortcomings. Therefore, our aim was also to provide information in a form suitable for fast and intuitive visualization. Kohonen’s Self Organizing Map (SOM) is an alternative approach to data visualization and analysis of large multidimensional data sets. SOM provides different possibilities and our experiments are presented with component matrices of individual stand parameters and label matrices. In forming data clusters, we experimented with hierarchical and non hierarchical clustering methods. Our experiments showed that SOM provides useful information in a form suitable for data clustering and data visualization. This enables an efficient analysis of large FI data sets at different analysis scales. Clustering results obtained with SOM and two clustering algorithms are in accordance with ground truth. We have also considered the efficiency of SOM component matrices by visual comparison and correlation among structural parameters and by determining contributions of individual stand parameters to clustering input data. SOM application in visualization and analysis of stand structural parameters enables gathering quickly and efficiently holistic information on the current condition of forest stands and forest ecosystem development. Therefore we recommend the application of Kohonen’s SOM for visualization and analysis of FI data.

Keywords: Forest Inventory, Stand Structural Parameters, Self-organizing Maps, Forest Data Visualization, Neural Networks

iForest 5 (5): 216-223 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0629-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0629-005

Research Articles: Field performance of poplar for bioenergy in southern Europe after two coppicing rotations: effects of clone and planting density

() — 2012-10-02

Di Matteo G, Sperandio G, Verani S

FIELD PERFORMANCE OF POPLAR FOR BIOENERGY IN SOUTHERN EUROPE AFTER TWO COPPICING ROTATIONS: EFFECTS OF CLONE AND PLANTING DENSITY

Abstract: Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) plantations are estimated around 7 000 hectares in Italy, mostly established in northern regions. Recently thousands hectares of SRF were established in central and southern regions of Italy also (especially in Latium and Molise) due to the promising introduction of new clones resistant to summer water limiting and pest attacks. A poplar SRF plantation was established in central Italy in order to investigate the influence of site conditions and planting densities/spacings on the growth and yield production of three hybrid poplar clones (AF2, AF6 and Monviso). Cuttings of each clone were planted at two different densities/spacings and planting design as: (a) low density = 7 140 cuttings ha-1 in a single-row design (SR); (b) high density= 10 360 cuttings ha-1 in a twin-rows design (TR). Growth (both diameter and height) and yield were evaluated after biennial (2006-2007) and triennial (2008-2010) rotation. Relationships between fresh weight and diameter were determined to calculate the yield of each clone expressed in MgDM ha-1 years-1. At the end of the triennial rotation (2010) all poplar clones showed very high stump survival rates with higher values in SR (89.9%) compared to TR (85.6%). AF2 clone can be advisable thanks to the higher yield production than both AF6 and Monviso. Considering planting densities/spacings, SR seems to be more advisable than TR in order to obtain a good biomass production and a low planting costs. Considering the coppicing cycles, triennial rotation allows higher annual yield production (average value of 13.0 MgDM ha-1) than biennial rotation (average: 10.1 MgDM ha-1).

Keywords: Short Rotation Forestry, Hybrid Populus Clones, Coppicing Cycles, Yield, Growth, Optimal Density

iForest 5 (5): 224-229 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0628-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0628-005

Short Communications: Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: exploring large-scale patterns in mainland China

() — 2012-10-02

Zhang JT, Wang C

BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: EXPLORING LARGE-SCALE PATTERNS IN MAINLAND CHINA

Abstract: Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are vital to understand ecosystem properties, and have frequently been addressed in small-scale studies. However, interactions and changes differ at large scales, and should be similarly evaluated to monitor biodiversity and ecosystem functional alterations. In the present study, Mainland China was divided into 241 quadrats of 2° latitude by 2° longitude. Ecosystem function was comprehensively assessed using three indicator variables in each quadrat, primary productivity, bird species richness, and relative humidity. Relationships between each ecosystem function variable were regressed against seed plant species richness. All three indicators exhibited the same change model, a linear model when plant species richness was under 5.000 species, and a hump-back/quadratic model when seed plant richness was over 5.000 species, with an increase in seed plant species richness at a larger scale.

Keywords: Ecosystem function, Seed plants, Species richness, Model, China

iForest 5 (5): 230-234 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0627-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0627-005

Research Articles: Land use inventory as framework for environmental accounting: an application in Italy

() — 2012-08-12

Corona P, Barbati A, Tomao A, Bertani R, Valentini R, Marchetti M, Fattorini L, Perugini L

LAND USE INVENTORY AS FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING: AN APPLICATION IN ITALY

Abstract: Land use inventories are sound measures to provide information on the area occupied by different land use or land cover types and their changes, although less widespread than traditional mapping; as such, they are distinctively well-established tools for generating statistics on the state and the dynamics of land use in the European Union. Italy has recently set up a land use inventory system (IUTI) as a key instrument for accounting removals and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) associated to land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities elected by Italy under the Kyoto Protocol. IUTI adopts a statistical sampling procedure to estimate the area covered by LULUCF land use categories in Italy, and associated uncertainty estimates. Estimates of land use have been so far processed for the period 1990-2008 and highlight three interlinked land use change patterns in Italy: (i) increase in forest land for a total uptake of 1.7% of the Italian territory; forest cover estimates, with a standard error of 0.1%, indicate an annual increase of forestland higher over the period 1990-2000 (32 901 ha year-1) than in 2000-2008 (22 857 ha year-1); surprisingly, also a significant deforestation rate is observed (-7000 ha year-1), due to forest land conversion mainly into artificial areas; (ii) consumption of arable land (-4.2% of the Italian territory) primarily due to land uptake by urban areas and to conversions to permanent crops (mainly orchards and vineyards); (iii) urban sprawl uptakes 1.6% of the Italian territory in this period, with a total coverage of settlements reaching 7.1% of total land surface in Italy in 2008. Overall, land use dynamic results in land uptake by forest land is of the same magnitude of land uptake by urban areas, but the effects of these processes on GHG removals (by forest sinks) and emissions (by urban areas) is expected to be significantly different. In a broader perspective, IUTI methodology, by providing reliable estimates and well-defined levels of statistical uncertainty for assessing stocks and flows of land use at national level, can be further implemented to frame other key questions for sustainable development policies, like the set up of environmental-economic accounting systems.

Keywords: Land Use Survey, Land Use Change, Statistical Sampling, Forest, Environmental Accounting

iForest 5 (4): 204-209 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0625-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0625-005

Review Papers: Paying for water-related forest services: a survey on Italian payment mechanisms

() — 2012-08-12

Pettenella D, Vidale E, Gatto P, Secco L

PAYING FOR WATER-RELATED FOREST SERVICES: A SURVEY ON ITALIAN PAYMENT MECHANISMS

Abstract: The paper reviews the state of implementation of one of the most relevant mechanisms of payments for environmental services (PES) in the forestry sector: the systems of payments for water-related forest services. Three water services with economic relevance are analyzed with reference to the Italian context: hydropower generation, tap-water supply and mineral water use by industry. Using the consolidated definition of PES as a basis for the analysis and considering the regulatory framework on water, we compared the three water-related services to describe the strengths and weaknesses in environmental services provision. From the analysis we deduced that pure PES schemes do not exist in the water sector in Italy, while PES-like schemes driven by public authorities have a relatively long and consolidated tradition, but need to be better oriented and more widely implemented in order to compensate the providers of the services.

Keywords: Payments For Environmental Services (PES), Water, Environmental Services, Italy

iForest 5 (4): 210-215 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0626-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0626-005

Research Articles: Single-tree influence on understorey vegetation in five Chinese subtropical forests

() — 2012-08-02

Liu HY, Halvorsen R

SINGLE-TREE INFLUENCE ON UNDERSTOREY VEGETATION IN FIVE CHINESE SUBTROPICAL FORESTS

Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of individual canopy tree on the species composition and abundance of understorey vegetation in subtropical forests, by applying a model for tree influence on understorey vegetation of boreal spruce forests developed by Økland et al. (1999), according to the principles of Ecological Field Theory (EFT). The study was based upon five vegetation data sets, each with two subsets (vascular plants species and bryophytes species) from subtropical forests in south and southwest China. Optimal value of tree influence model parameters was found by maximizing the eigenvalue of a Constrained Ordination (CO) axis, obtained by use of the EFT-based tree influence index as the only constraining variable. One CO method, Redundancy Analysis (RDA), was applied to five vegetation data sets. The results showed that the optimal EFT tree influence models generally accounted for only a small part of the variation in species composition (the eigenvalues of RDA axes were low, amounted to 1-10% of total inertia). The higher eigenvalue-tototal-inertia ratio with RDA was interpreted as due mainly to the low species turnover along the tree influence gradient. Vascular plants and bryophytes species differed with respect to optimal parameters in the tree influence model, especially in a conifer dominated forest. Compositional turnover associated with tree influence indices was also generally low, although somewhat varies among study areas. Thus, it was concluded that single-tree EFT models may have limited suitability for studied subtropical forests; different optimal parameters in the tree influence model obtained for vascular plants and bryophytes species in two studied areas indicates that subtropical trees may impact vascular plants and bryophytes species in different ways; and trees may influence the understorey species composition more in a collective manner than through the influence of single individuals in studied subtropical forests.

Keywords: Competition, Understorey Vegetation, Bryophytes, Vascular Plants, Ecological Field Theory, Individual Tree Models

iForest 5 (4): 179-187 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0623-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0623-005

Research Articles: Comparative water balance study of forest and fallow plots

() — 2012-08-02

Móricz N, Mátyás C, Berki I, Rasztovits E, Vekerdy Z, Gribovszki Z

COMPARATIVE WATER BALANCE STUDY OF FOREST AND FALLOW PLOTS

Abstract: Increasing pressure on groundwater due to land use change (e.g., afforestation) and future climate change will alter the recharge of groundwater aquifers, causing shifts in water table levels and hence influencing the available groundwater resources. The effect of land use change on groundwater resources has initiated a major scientific debate during the last decades between foresters and experts in water management in Hungary and in several other countries. The aim of this study was to compare water balances of two different vegetation covers, a groundwater dependent oak forest and a nearby fallow area in the Hungarian Lowland. Water balance components for an oak and a fallow plots, exposed to similar weather conditions and with similar soils, were estimated and compared by calibrating the Hydrus 1-D model using measured soil water content and groundwater levels. The difference in the groundwater consumption was analyzed in details during dry and wet growing seasons. Transpiration at the fallow plot was only about two-thirds of that in the oak forest, while groundwater consumption was three times higher in the forest than at the fallow plot throughout the two-year study. During the dry growing season, the proportion of groundwater use from the total transpiration reached up to 90% at the oak plot. According to the model, in the dry growing season in 2007 both vegetation covers relied significantly on groundwater resources, while in 2008 the consumption of groundwater was notably reduced due to the wet weather at both plots.

Keywords: Water Balance, Oak, Fallow, Groundwater Consumption

iForest 5 (4): 188-196 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0624-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0624-005

Technical Reports: Comparison of fire danger indices in the Mediterranean for present day conditions

() — 2012-08-02

Giannakopoulos C, LeSager P, Moriondo M, Bindi M, Karali A, Hatzaki M, Kostopoulou E

COMPARISON OF FIRE DANGER INDICES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FOR PRESENT DAY CONDITIONS

Abstract: This paper assesses the ability of two forest fire danger indices to estimate fire danger and to define the beginning and the end of fire season. Two indices are studied: the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) and the Finnish Forest Fire Index (FFI). The indices are designed to meet the needs of particular regions but they have also proved to be suitable for the Mediterranean region. The aim of this study is to assess the skill performance of both indices and identify their strengths and weaknesses. The Canadian FWI depends on temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and wind measurements, while the Finnish FFI relies on potential evaporation and precipitation. Results indicate that, in general, FWI and FFI determine a fairly similar fire danger for a set of weather conditions. Higher correlations are found especially for locations under significant fire danger. The results improve for the lower values of fire danger if a spin up period is used in the computation of FFI. Both indices show similar features especially during summer, but some deviations are typical during early spring and autumn, as FWI probably overestimates the fire danger.

Keywords: Fire Danger Indices, FFI, FWI, Mediterranean forests

iForest 5 (4): 197-203 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0622-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0622-005

Research Articles: Ambient ozone phytotoxic potential over the Czech forests as assessed by AOT40

() — 2012-06-25

Hunová I, Schreiberová M

AMBIENT OZONE PHYTOTOXIC POTENTIAL OVER THE CZECH FORESTS AS ASSESSED BY AOT40

Abstract: Ambient ozone (O3) represents one of the most prominent air pollution problems in Europe. We present an analysis on O3 with respect to its phytotoxic potential over Czech forests between 1994 and 2008. The phytotoxic potential is estimated based on the exposure index AOT40 for forests calculated from real-time monitoring data at 24 rural sites. Our results indicate high phytotoxic potential for most of the Czech Republic (CR) with considerable inter-annual and spatial variability. The highest AOT40 values were 38-39 ppm·h. The critical level for forest protection (5 ppm·h) was usually exceeded early in the growing season, generally in May. In years with meteorological conditions conducive to ozone formation, the critical level was exceeded by 5-7 folds as compared to years with non-conducive conditions; nevertheless, all sites consistently exceeded the critical level since 1994. In the extremely hot and dry year 2003, the critical level for forests was exceeded over 31 % of the Czech forested area. More research is needed to translate these exceedances into forest injury in the CR.

Keywords: Ozone, AOT40, Time trends, Spatial patterns

iForest 5 (3): 153-162 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0617-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0617-005

Research Articles: Combining demographic and land-use dynamics with local communities perceptions for analyzing socio-ecological systems: a case study in a mountain area of Italy

() — 2012-06-25

Pisanelli A, Chiocchini F, Cherubini L, Lauteri M

COMBINING DEMOGRAPHIC AND LAND-USE DYNAMICS WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES PERCEPTIONS FOR ANALYZING SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY IN A MOUNTAIN AREA OF ITALY

Abstract: Rural communities are facing increasing social heterogeneity and organization complexity consequently to land use changes, demographic dynamics and globalization processes. Members of the communities should have a direct perception of their own territories, recognizing any positive or negative change that may occur. A better knowledge of these processes may be achieved by investigating local community awareness and perspectives. A research was carried out in a rural and mountainous area of Central Italy with the following aims: (i) to highlight demographic dynamics and land use changes that affected the area during the last decades; (ii) to assess local communities’ perceptions and awareness of their own territories; (iii) to verify and validate a research methodology by evaluating the resilience of socio-ecological systems. The study area involved four municipalities that were analyzed considering the historical changes of demographic data and land-use system. A questionnaire was submitted to a sample of local population. The questionnaire was aimed to investigate the following issues: (i) level and quality of participation and communication within the community life; (ii) awareness of environmental resources of the territories; (iii) socio-cultural opportunities and expectations of future changes within the communities. In each municipality, different behaviors and needs emerged according to the age of the inhabitants. In spite of that, awareness of social, cultural and environmental constraints/potentialities emerged in all the communities. Communication capability seems a key factor to reinforce both the social capital and the resilience of the territories. Thus, sharing of experience and knowledge could play a major role in developing an efficient governance of the occurring territorial changes. Finally, the study highlights that serious efforts should be spent especially to satisfy expectations of young people concerning the territorial development. This latter seems a prerequisite for the maintenance of the system resilience.

Keywords: Participatory Governance, Social Capital, Social Survey, Rural Areas, Resilience

iForest 5 (3): 163-170 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0615-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0615-005

Technical Reports: Deforestation, land conversion and illegal logging in Bangladesh: the case of the Sal (Shorea robusta) forests

() — 2012-06-25

Islam K, Sato N

DEFORESTATION, LAND CONVERSION AND ILLEGAL LOGGING IN BANGLADESH: THE CASE OF THE SAL (SHOREA ROBUSTA) FORESTS

Abstract: Bangladesh, with a forest cover estimated at 17.08% of all land surface area, has experienced massive degradation of its natural resources and a considerable change in its land cover. While deforestation in Bangladesh is obviously a complex issue, one important aspect emerges from previous research findings in explaining deforestation: industrialization. This study focuses on the causes of deforestation in Bangladesh, particularly in tropical moist deciduous Sal forests, using multi levels factor analysis framework. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, formal and informal discussions with local people, expert interviews and literature reviews. The main findings of deforestation framework show that illegal logging and forest land conversion were the ultimate causes of Sal forests deforestation in Bangladesh. Illegal logging is a complex phenomenon and is being patronized by a local syndicate, functioning from behind the scenes. On the other hand, land conversion into different commercial activities has direct influence on national policy and the predisposing conditions of this country. Therefore, the immediate task of the nation would be to stop illegal logging and land conversion of Sal forests. This can be done by involving all relevant stakeholders in the form of effective forest policy formulation and execution of strict environmental protection law.

Keywords: Sal Forests, Deforestation, Land Tenure, Forest Policy, Corruptions

iForest 5 (3): 171-178 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0578-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0578-005

Review Papers: Fifteen years of forest tree biosafety research in Germany

() — 2012-06-13

Fladung M, Hoenicka H

FIFTEEN YEARS OF FOREST TREE BIOSAFETY RESEARCH IN GERMANY

Abstract: Since beginning of 1990, several projects on biosafety research were initiated in Germany with genetically modified plants. Germany was also one of the first countries active on biosafety research with genetically modified trees (GMTs). An EU-funded project coordinated by the Institute of Forest Genetics (Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Grosshansdorf), from 1994 to 1997, was the first project of this kind in Germany. In the frame of this project, transgene stability was studied under greenhouse conditions in different transgenic aspen clones. A high degree of transgene expression stability was found in transgenic lines, however, gene silencing was detected in some transgenic plants. In Germany, the jump of the GMTs from the greenhouse to the field was initiated in 1996 by the Institute of Forest Genetics (Grosshansdorf), when the first field trial with genetically modified (GM) poplar was approved for five years. In the year 2000 and in cooperation with the University of Tuebingen, the same institute established a second field trial with GM poplar to study possible horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from the transgenic poplar into mycorrhizal fungi. No HGT was detected in those studies. Two further national funded projects on phytoremediation and status of mycorrhizal fungi in GMTs under field conditions were run by the University of Freiburg on 2002 - 2004 and 2003 - 2005. Topics of national funded biosafety research projects on GMTs released to the field but as well on greenhouse grown plants were transgene stability, genetic containment, transgene influence on mycorrhizal and phytopathogenic fungi, generative and vegetative propagation capacity, and horizontal gene transfer.

Keywords: Genetically Modified Trees, GMTs, GM Poplar, Field Trial, Risk Assessment, Mycorrhiza, Phytopathogenic Fungi, Horizontal Gene Transfer, Gene Stability

iForest 5 (3): 126-130 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0619-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0619-005

Short Communications: Next generation biotechnology: how sophisticated constructs lead to further insights and new approaches towards biotechnology’s demands

() — 2012-06-13

Hinze A, Becker D

NEXT GENERATION BIOTECHNOLOGY: HOW SOPHISTICATED CONSTRUCTS LEAD TO FURTHER INSIGHTS AND NEW APPROACHES TOWARDS BIOTECHNOLOGY’S DEMANDS

Abstract: For most plants transformation methods and regeneration protocols are readily available, leading to more complicated and differential research in plant science. The application of expression or RNAi constructs in biotechnology can lead to unwanted effects and detrimental phenotypes, which may cause great problems in the regeneration and breeding of transgenic plants. To circumvent this set back we resort to the transformation of inactive constructs. After the creation and establishment of transgenic lines the construct is specifically activated and the effects on the plants can be studied in detail, even if the resulting phenotype has harmful consequences. The activation of the constructs is carried out by means of induced site-directed recombination. The application of an heat shock leads to the expression of a recombinase, which excises the spacer fragment and leads to the desired effect on the plants. The feasibility of those constructs could be shown for RNAi, induced expression and even marker excision and confinement approaches demonstrating the huge variability of the new construct design.

Keywords: Site-specific Recombination, Cre/loxP, FLP/FRT, Heat Shock Inducible Promoter, Tissue Specific Expression, RNAi

iForest 5 (3): 131-137 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0620-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0620-005

Research Articles: Early flowering and genetic containment studies in transgenic poplar

() — 2012-06-13

Hoenicka H, Lehnhardt D, Polak O, Fladung M

EARLY FLOWERING AND GENETIC CONTAINMENT STUDIES IN TRANSGENIC POPLAR

Abstract: Despite of the immense potential of gene technologies for tree breeding, release of genetic modified trees is still very rare. Biosafety concerns have hitherto limited application of gene technologies. The potential risks of transgenic trees, in particular transfer of recombinant DNA into the gene pool of a given species via vertical gene transfer, have been motive of concern. Biosafety research may allow avoiding potential risks of this technology. However, the evaluation of strategies for prevention of vertical gene transfer, probably the most important concern toward transgenic trees, has been hindered by the long time they require to reach the reproductive phase. We tested different strategies for promoting early flowering in poplar, aiming the development of a system for biosafety studies on gene containment. Early flowering poplar containing the 35S::LFY or HSP::FT gene constructs allowed first approaches for the faster evaluation of gene containment. However, some drawbacks, e.g., disturbed vegetative growth and flower development, still limit their potential application on biosafety research. A non-transgenic hybrid aspen showing a short vegetative phase was successfully used for the evaluation of the PrMALE1::STS sterility gene construct.

Keywords: Tree breeding, Biosafety, Gene Technology, Hybrid aspen

iForest 5 (3): 138-146 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0621-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0621-005

Technical Advances: Gene flow in poplar - experiments, analysis and modeling to prevent transgene outcrossing

() — 2012-06-13

Bialozyt R

GENE FLOW IN POPLAR - EXPERIMENTS, ANALYSIS AND MODELING TO PREVENT TRANSGENE OUTCROSSING

Abstract: The demand for energy and forestry products is globally increasing, raising the question if traditional breeding programs are efficient and fast enough to keep up with these demands. A possible solution seems to be the use of genetic engineering techniques, since classical breeding strategies are time-consuming and limited by species barriers. Besides the advantages of genetic engineering technologies, concerns are also raised by scientists regarding these methods. Consequently, risk analysis of genetic modified trees in plantation forestry is a fundamental research topic. This paper presents a sequence of steps in risk analysis dealing with genetic modified poplar clones in the natural environment, ranging from investigations of flowering phenology, to molecular identification of gene flow patterns and their statistical interpretation, to modeling approaches to simulate different scenarios of plantations using genetic modified poplars in realistic European landscapes. All steps are evaluated for their potential to forecast the risk of outcrossing of gene constructs into native populations. The application of the results achieved to short rotation plantations are discussed.

Keywords: Poplar, Genetic Modified Trees, Flowering Phenology, Germination, Simulation Models

iForest 5 (3): 147-152 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0618-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0618-005

Research Articles: Importance of residual trees to birds in regenerating pine plantations

() — 2012-06-05

Hanberry B, Hanberry P, Demarais S, Jones J

IMPORTANCE OF RESIDUAL TREES TO BIRDS IN REGENERATING PINE PLANTATIONS

Abstract: Pine plantation establishment methods can alter vegetation composition and structure, thus affecting habitat important characteristics for declining early successional bird species. We evaluated eight vegetation characteristics, which varied due to a range of pine plantation establishment methods, to identify vegetation most closely associated with spring bird abundance in the Lower Coastal Plain of southern Mississippi, USA. Presence of residual trees and snags was positively related to relative abundance of 10 of 14 common species present in regenerating stands. Cover of woody vegetation was positively related to relative abundance of 4 species and negatively related to relative abundance of 2 species. For 5 species, increasing pine tree cover had a negative relationship with relative abundance. Residual trees and snags contributed to avian abundance and richness in regenerating pine plantations. Integration of habitat elements, such as residual trees that influence abundance of birds and other wildlife, with intensive pine plantation establishment can aid managers to attain wildlife conservation in intensively managed stands.

Keywords: Forest Management, Establishment, Habitat, Site Preparation, Snags

iForest 5 (3): 108-112 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0616-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0616-005

Review Papers: Modeling Italian forests: state of the art and future challenges

() — 2012-06-05

Vacchiano G, Magnani F, Collalti A

MODELING ITALIAN FORESTS: STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

Abstract: This review is a follow-up to the first meeting of the Forest modeling working group (FMWG) of the Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology (SISEF), held in December 2009. 18 talks were delivered to an audience of 40 researchers. We review the state of the art of forest ecosystem modeling in Italy, highlight findings from Italian research groups, and summarize relevant issues. Developing on the discussion session of the meeting, we indicate current research gaps and future challenges for modelers, forest ecologists and foresters alike, with a special emphasis on model validation, data availability, and communication between researchers and managers.

Keywords: Forest Models, Forest Inventory, SISEF, Ecological Modeling, Carbon Balance

iForest 5 (3): 113-120 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0614-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0614-005

Technical Reports: Qualitative evaluation and optimization of forest road network to minimize total costs and environmental impacts

() — 2012-06-05

Hayati E, Majnounian B, Abdi E

QUALITATIVE EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF FOREST ROAD NETWORK TO MINIMIZE TOTAL COSTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Abstract: An efficient and low-cost transportation network is necessary for sustainable management. Roading and log skidding are the most expensive and destructive operations in forest environment, unless carefully planned and evaluated. A transportation network has to be assessed and optimized to minimize the total cost of road construction and its environmental impact. The aim of this study was determining the optimum forest road network density, and evaluating the quantity and quality of the existing forest road network. In order to determine the optimum forest road network density, skidding cost, road construction and maintenance costs, and harvesting volume in each compartment were considered. Then optimum skidding distance was calculated with regard to optimum road density and total correction factors. The relative openness and efficiency coefficient of the existing forest road network were determined for the calculated optimum skidding distance, using ArcGIS. The results showed that the optimum road density, relative openness and road network efficiency coefficient were 21.5 m ha-1, 90% and 32%, respectively. As a result, when the quality of a forest road network has to be evaluated, road network efficiency coefficient is more efficient than relative openness, that per se cannot be considered as an appropriate indicator.

Keywords: Forest road network, Environmental impact, Qualitative evaluation, Optimum road density, Efficiency coefficient, GIS

iForest 5 (3): 121-125 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0610-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0610-009

Research Articles: Post-fire effects and short-term regeneration dynamics following high-severity crown fires in a Mediterranean forest

() — 2012-05-30

Marzano R, Lingua E, Garbarino M

POST-FIRE EFFECTS AND SHORT-TERM REGENERATION DYNAMICS FOLLOWING HIGH-SEVERITY CROWN FIRES IN A MEDITERRANEAN FOREST

Abstract: Resilience against fire disturbance of Mediterranean vegetation has been frequently described. However, due to climatic change and abandonment of local land use practices, the fire regime is changing, probably leading to higher intensities and frequencies of disturbance events. The forthcoming scenario calls for a full understanding of post-disturbance tree recruitment processes, structural resilience and possible consequences on the overall forest biodiversity. In particular, knowledge on severe crown fires’ effects on forest stand structural attributes needs to be further explored. In this work, we describe and quantify fire impact and short-term response of a Mediterranean forest affected by high severity crown fires, focusing on the compositional and structural diversity of living and dead trees, spatial pattern of fire-induced mortality, recovery dynamics of tree species. The analysis, based on a synchronic approach, was carried out within four burned and two not burned fully stem-mapped research plots located in NW Italy, belonging to two forest categories differing for their main tree restoration strategies. Distance-dependent and distance-independent indices were applied to assess structural diversity dynamics over time since fire occurrence. Within the analyzed forests fire was found to affect mostly forest structure rather than its composition. Number of snags largely increases immediately after the fire, but it levels off due to their fall dynamics. Regeneration strategies and fire severity influenced species abundance and consequently diversity patterns. Stem diameter and height diversity were modified as well, with a strong increase in the first post-fire year and a sharp reduction six years after the disturbance. Fire determined also a higher heterogeneity in crown cover and vertical structure. Spatial patterns of surviving trees and snags were greatly affected by fire, producing an increase in aggregation and segregation mechanisms. Autosuccessional processes are supposed to preserve current forest structure and composition, but the ecosystem self-restoring capability should be analyzed in the light of the possible changes in fire regime.

Keywords: Structural diversity, Snag dynamics, Pinus pinaster, Regeneration strategies, Fire severity

iForest 5 (3): 93-100 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0612-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0612-005

Short Communications: Assessing the scientific productivity of Italian forest researchers using the Web of Science, SCOPUS and SCIMAGO databases

() — 2012-05-30

Chirici G

ASSESSING THE SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF ITALIAN FOREST RESEARCHERS USING THE WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS AND SCIMAGO DATABASES

Abstract: For long time a quantitative assessment of the productivity of Italian researchers has been lacking; the first and unique assessment was the Three-Year Research Evaluation for the period 2001-2003. Italian Law 240/2010, ruling the organization of research and universities, requires a system for the evaluation of the scientific productivity of Italian researchers. In 2011, both the National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes (ANVUR) and the National University Council (CUN) proposed a set of evaluation criteria based on a bibliometric approach with indexes calculated using the information from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science (WOS) or the Elsevier SciVerse SCOPUS databases. The aim of this study is twofold: (i) to present the results of an assessment of the global aggregated scientific productivity of the Italian forestry community for 1996-2010 using the SCOPUS data available from the on-line SCIMAGO system; and (ii) to compare the WOS and SCOPUS databases with respect to three indexes (number of publications, number of citations, h-index) of the scientific productivity for university forest researchers in Italy. Two subcategories of forestry were considered: AGR05 - forest management and silviculture, and AGR06 - wood technology. Out of a total of 84 authors, 76 were considered in the analysis because not affected by unresolved homonymity or duplication. Overall, the trend in scientific productivity for Italian forestry is promising. Italy ranked 10th in terms of the h-index with an increasing trend in importance relative to other European countries, though the scientific contribution of authors was largely heterogeneous. Both WOS and SCOPUS databases were suitable sources of information for evaluating the scientific productivity of Italian authors. Although the two databases did not produce meaningful differences for any of the three indexes, the advantages and disadvantages of the two sources must be carefully considered if used operationally to evaluate the Italian scientific productivity.

Keywords: Scientific Evaluation, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SCIMAGO

iForest 5 (3): 101-107 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0613-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0613-005

Research Articles: Distribution of the major forest tree species in Turkey within spatially interpolated plant heat and hardiness zone maps

() — 2012-04-30

Yilmaz OY, Tolunay D

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR FOREST TREE SPECIES IN TURKEY WITHIN SPATIALLY INTERPOLATED PLANT HEAT AND HARDINESS ZONE MAPS

Abstract: In disciplines such as agriculture, forestry and horticulture, it is customary to make use of various hardiness zone maps intended for the selection of the plant species to be cultivated within specific regions. The most widely used of these maps is the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone (PHZ) map. Recently, the American Horticultural Society also created the Plant Heat Zone (AHZ) Map. PHZ and AHZ maps have not yet been produced for Turkey. To overcome deficiencies of these maps and compare the distribution of major forest tree species over these zones, data from 260 meteorological stations recorded during the period from 1975-2008 and 458 144 forest stand-type polygon centroid data were used. PHZ and AHZ maps were created through the interpolation of meteorological data using the regularized spline with tension (RST) method. According to the interpolation results, there are 7 PHZs (4-10) and 8 AHZs (2-9) in Turkey. Finally, the distribution of 15 major forest tree species over these zones was investigated. The most commonly detected species were distributed among PHZs 5 and 10 coincided with Juniperus spp., Quercus spp. and Abies spp., and the species found between PHZs 5 and 10 were those exhibiting the most extensive distributions. Pinus brutia and Quercus spp. were found to be the most widely distributed species among the AHZs.

Keywords: Forest trees, Plant hardiness zones, Plant heat zones, Regularized spline with tension method, Turkey

iForest 5 (2): 83-92 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0611-005
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0611-005

Research Articles: Use of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for supporting community forest management

() — 2012-04-12

Khadka C, Vacik H

USE OF MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS (MCA) FOR SUPPORTING COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Sustainable forest management usually involves the use of criteria and indicators (C&I) allowing the monitoring, reporting and assessment of management activities at national, regional and forest management unit levels. Experiences of such concepts are scarce in Nepal, particularly with regard to the evaluation of management activities within a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) framework. In this contribution we describe how a MCA approach can be used to efficiently exploit information, knowledge, and preferences of stakeholders to address community forest management problems. Beside rating and ranking techniques, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to examine the importance of six criteria and forty-four indicators in a sustainable forest management context with a broad range of stakeholder groups. An evaluation of four management strategies in the Shree Gyneshwar community forest user group allows to demonstrate the relevance of changing priorities for different criteria. A passive adaptive management strategy focusing on a multiple use of natural resources and the introduction of production-oriented measures were identified as the most preferable option. The results of this study show that the multi-criteria analysis approach, and in particular the AHP, can assist decision-makers in efficiently evaluating management problems and generating ideas for the long-term strategic planning process of community forest management, even under complex socio-economic and ecological conditions. In that context, compromise solutions enjoy a higher possibility of being successful, taking into account the different views of stakeholder groups.

Keywords: Multiple-criteria decision-making, Sustainable forest management, AHP, Criteria and indicators, Community forestry, Nepal

iForest 5 (2): 60-71 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0608-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0608-009

Technical Advances: Forest planning and public participation: a possible methodological approach

() — 2012-04-12

Cantiani MG

FOREST PLANNING AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: A POSSIBLE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

Abstract: Today public participation is considered to be an important element of forest planning. This paper illustrates a methodological proposal for integrating public participation in forest planning on a landscape scale. In order to present the conceptual context in which the proposal was elaborated and to make clear the reasons behind the current move towards public participation, I make an analysis of the significance, role and characteristics of participation in the management of natural resources based on experiences of the last decades as documented in international literature.

Keywords: Forest planning, Public participation, Conflict management, Forest landscape management planning.

iForest 5 (2): 72-82 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0602-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0602-009

Research Articles: Case study of a new method for the classification and analysis of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu damage to young chestnut sprouts

() — 2012-04-10

Maltoni A, Mariotti B, Tani A

CASE STUDY OF A NEW METHOD FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF DRYOCOSMUS KURIPHILUS YASUMATSU DAMAGE TO YOUNG CHESTNUT SPROUTS

Abstract: Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a new chestnut pest that is causing a serious problem worldwide. This gall wasp causes severe infestations of Italian Castanea sativa stands, which lowers their productivity. The most effective method for controlling gall wasp infestations is to introduce the parasitoid, Torymus sinensis, although experience shows that it can be 6-18 years before it is effective in reducing the infestation to acceptable levels. From a silvicultural point of view, it is important to reduce the damage as rapidly as possible to maintain plant vigour and fruit production, thereby avoiding chestnut stand degradation and abandonment before biological control is effective. This study analyzed the damage caused by Dryocosmus kuriphilus during normal plant development and detected differences in plant susceptibility, irrespective of genetic factors. Data were collected from a young Castanea sativa coppice stand in Tuscany (Italy) where damage was evaluated during the 2010 growing season. The study consisted of two phases: (1) classification of the damages caused by galls; and (2) studying the galls and damage distribution effects on different vigour chestnut sprouts to determine whether there were preferred oviposition sites or different degrees of susceptibility to gall wasp attack depending on a plant’s physiological state. The D. kuriphilus damage classification scale was based on two factors: damage position (the vegetative organ attacked) and damage effect (abnormal organ development caused by galls). This classification included damage types that had not been previously described in literature. The statistical analysis identified differences in damage susceptibility in terms of: axis (stem or branches), plant organs (shoots, leaves, or buds), position of the attacked node (high or low region of the axis), and sprout vigour. Information on the D. kuriphilus damage distribution and its effect on plants with different levels vigour can be used to develop suitable cultural practices that could reduce the negative impact of this insect on fruit and wood production.

Keywords: Castanea sativa, Chestnut gall wasp, Damage distribution, Damage susceptibility, Vegetative vigour

iForest 5 (2): 50-59 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0598-008
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0598-008

Research Articles: Use of BIOME-BGC to simulate water and carbon fluxes within Mediterranean macchia

() — 2012-04-02

Chiesi M, Chirici G, Corona P, Duce P, Salvati R, Spano D, Vaccari FP, Maselli F

USE OF BIOME-BGC TO SIMULATE WATER AND CARBON FLUXES WITHIN MEDITERRANEAN MACCHIA

Abstract: The biogeochemical model BIOME-BGC is capable to estimate the main ecophysiological processes characterising all terrestrial ecosystems. To this aim it needs to be properly adapted to reproduce the behaviour of each biome type through a calibration phase. The aim of this paper is to adapt BIOME-BGC to reproduce the evapotranspiration (ET) and photosynthesis (GPP) of Mediterranean macchia spread all over Italy. Ten different sites were selected in the Centre-South of Italy and their gross primary production (GPP) was estimated by applying a parametric model, C-Fix, based on remotely sensed data for ten years (1999-2008). These monthly data were then used to calibrate BIOME-BGC through an iterative process which led to reproduce the spatial and temporal GPP variations found by C-Fix. The calibrated model was then applied to simulate the ET and GPP of two Italian sites characterised by the presence of an eddy flux tower; its performances were evaluated against ground data by common statistics. The results obtained indicate that, after a proper calibration phase, BIOME-BGC can be applied to estimate the evapotranspiration and photosynthesis of Mediterranean macchia with a good accuracy, strictly dependent on the input data utilised.

Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Gross primary production, C-Fix, E-OBS dataset

iForest 5 (2): 38-43 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0605-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0605-009

Research Articles: Alterations on flow variability due to converting hardwood forests to pine

() — 2012-04-02

Serengil Y, Swank WT, Vose JM

ALTERATIONS ON FLOW VARIABILITY DUE TO CONVERTING HARDWOOD FORESTS TO PINE

Abstract: Flow variability is a potential indicator of land use impacts on aquatic ecosystems and a dominating factor for lotic habitats. Vegetation management effects on the stream habitat conditions must be better understood to propose forest management activities that are compatible with general ecosystem management objectives (integrity, diversity, sustainability, etc.). In our study, we used long term flow data (1936-2004) from four gauged experimental watersheds (W1, W2, W17, W18) of Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in US to assess the impacts of pine conversion on flow characteristics by using paired watershed experimentation. In W1, all trees and shrubs were cut and burned in 1956-57 and white pine (Pinus strobus) was planted in 1957. In W17, white pine was planted in 1956. W2 and W18 have been kept untreated as reference watersheds for W1 and W17, respectively. After analyzing long-term daily flow series with flow duration curves and frequency analyzes, we found that the timing and magnitude of 7Q flows were changed significantly due to conversion but flow variability was not affected. Overall findings revealed that pine conversion has significantly influenced some flow characteristics but stream habitat conditions were not affected potentially.

Keywords: Flow variability, Conversion to pine, Ecological flows, High-low flow frequency

iForest 5 (2): 44-49 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0609-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0609-009

Short Communications: Towards an optimal sampling effort for paternity analysis in forest trees: what do the raw numbers tell us?

() — 2012-02-27

Leonarduzzi C, Leonardi S, Menozzi P, Piotti A

TOWARDS AN OPTIMAL SAMPLING EFFORT FOR PATERNITY ANALYSIS IN FOREST TREES: WHAT DO THE RAW NUMBERS TELL US?

Abstract: The ever-increasing use of paternity analysis to estimate the dispersal capability of forest trees suggests the need for a quantitative evaluation of potential errors due to sampling design. Previous work on sampling strategies for seed trapping experiments suggested a link between sampling effort and error rate in the reconstruction of the seed dispersal kernel. We considered 92 papers on paternity analysis to quantitatively assess the sampling strategy used to study the characteristics of pollen dispersal patterns (pollen immigration rate, distribution of male reproductive success and estimates of pollen dispersal kernel parameters). For each studied stand we report data on the sampling effort (the total number of sampled seeds, the number of mother trees and the number of seeds per mother tree) and additional information on the studied species and characteristics of the sampling areas. The reviewed papers used a median of 8 mother trees (that act as pollen traps in paternity analysis studies), a median of 29 seeds per mother tree and a median of 240 total sampled seeds. These are values (especially the number of mother trees) lower than usually found in classical seed trapping studies, for which accuracy and precision of seed dispersal estimates had already been assessed. These findings underline the need of evaluating the consequences of realistic sampling efforts on the estimation of parameters describing the pollen dispersal pattern to provide the basis for meaningful guidelines for paternity analysis.

Keywords: Sampling scheme, Pollen-mediated gene flow, Dispersal, Seed trapping, Inverse modeling

iForest 5 (1): 18-25 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0606-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0606-009

Research Articles: Experimenting the design-based k-NN approach for mapping and estimation under forest management planning

() — 2012-02-27

Mattioli W, Quatrini V, Di Paolo S, Di Santo D, Giuliarelli D, Angelini A, Portoghesi P, Corona P

EXPERIMENTING THE DESIGN-BASED K-NN APPROACH FOR MAPPING AND ESTIMATION UNDER FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING

Abstract: Estimation and mapping of forest attributes are a fundamental support for forest management planning. This study describes a practical experimentation concerning the use of design-based k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) approach to estimate and map selected attributes in the framework of inventories at forest management level. The study area is the Chiarino forest, within the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park in Central Italy. Aboveground biomass and current annual increment of tree volume were selected as the attributes of interest for the test. Field data were acquired within 28 sample plots selected by stratified random sampling. Satellite data were acquired by a Landsat 5 TM multispectral image. Attributes from field surveys and Landsat image processing were coupled by k-NN to predict the attributes of interest for each pixel of the Landsat image. Achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of the k-NN approach for statistical estimation, that is compatible with the produced forest attribute raster maps and also proves to be characterized, in the considered study case, by a precision double than that obtained by conventional inventory based on field sample plots only.

Keywords: Forest management planning, k-Nearest Neighbors, Landsat, Estimation, Mapping

iForest 5 (1): 26-30 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0604-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0604-009

Research Articles: Application of indicators network analysis to support local forest management plan development: a case study in Molise, Italy

() — 2012-02-27

Santopuoli G, Requardt A, Marchetti M

APPLICATION OF INDICATORS NETWORK ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT LOCAL FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY IN MOLISE, ITALY

Abstract: Forest management plans and Criteria and Indicators are the most important tools to support sustainable forest management. Due to the important role that forests play in contributing to humans’ well being because of numerous ecosystem services that they provide, in the last two decades many efforts have been made to develop new forest management tools at different scale levels. Territorial Forest Plan and Criteria and Indicators for SFM are considered as the innovative tools to support forest management. A participatory approach, which provides a better knowledge of social framework conditions and trends on local markets, is considered the focus of new forest management tools. Territorial Forest Plan allows to identify the main function of forest stands at territorial level, based on both forest type and stakeholders’ opinions. Instead the Indicators Network can be helpful to support forest management because it allows to identify the main causal paths and crucial linkages involving the indicators and to offer decision makers the opportunity to manage the forest ecosystem in a more holistic way. In this work, an application of indicators network analysis to support Territorial Forest Plan development in the Nature 2000 site has been studied and its results show that an integrated use of both provides an added value to sustainable forest management.

Keywords: Participatory, Forest planning, Indicators network, Sustainable forest management

iForest 5 (1): 31-37 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0603-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0603-009

Review Papers: Leaf volatile isoprenoids: an important defensive armament in forest tree species

() — 2012-02-14

Fineschi S, Loreto F

LEAF VOLATILE ISOPRENOIDS: AN IMPORTANT DEFENSIVE ARMAMENT IN FOREST TREE SPECIES

Abstract: Current knowledge on the ecological impact of the emission of volatile isoprenoids by plants is reviewed. This trait is common to many terrestrial species but is scattered across different taxonomic groups; it appears to be related to other ecological traits rather than to phylogenetic relationships. Plants invest high resources to produce volatile isoprenoids, which are likely to play multiple roles in the defence against biotic and abiotic stressors. We describe how constitutive and induced volatile isoprenoids may directly or indirectly defend plants, and briefly address how indirect defence may involve communication with other trophic levels beyond the simple plant-herbivory interaction. It is discussed that, as metabolically costly defensive mechanisms are only activated after attacks, induced volatile isoprenoids may also prime other biochemical pathways that are involved in stress resistance responses. It is also surmised that attacked plants may also use volatiles as an airborne communication to signal the attack to other leaves or other plant organs, or even other plants, eliciting defence responses.

Keywords: Isoprene, Monoterpenes, Plant communication, Plant defence, Stress physiology

iForest 5 (1): 13-17 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0607-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0607-009

Research Articles: Woody species recruitment under monospecific plantations of pioneer trees - facilitation or inhibition?

() — 2012-02-06

Trindade DFV, Coelho GC

WOODY SPECIES RECRUITMENT UNDER MONOSPECIFIC PLANTATIONS OF PIONEER TREES - FACILITATION OR INHIBITION?

Abstract: The successional model of forest restoration is based on the facilitation process, in which the establishment of pioneer tree species favors the late successional tree species. We tested the hypothesis of facilitation through a case study, comparing tree species diversity in the understory of two Neotropical native tree species plantations, Trema micrantha (L.) Blüme (Cannabaceae) and Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae). Results obtained under the plantations were compared with an adjacent area under spontaneous secondary succession, analyzing the ligneous plant diversity, soil physic-chemistry and shading. Additionally, the seed rain under the two plantations was analyzed. The area of spontaneous secondary succession and the area with T. micrantha had the highest ligneous plant diversity. The understory of T. micrantha plantation had the lowest light intensity and higher late successional species abundance. In addition, T. micrantha had higher plant diversity than S. molle, which could be explained at least partially by higher diversity in the seed rain. Higher litterfall and mineral content of leaves and twigs of T. micrantha did not coincide with higher topsoil mineral content under that species. Instead, soil under S. molle had higher level of P than the soil under T. micrantha. Data suggest that a high diversity of ligneous plants could be thrived by the spontaneous succession. On the other hand, T. micrantha had promoted a higher richness and abundance of late successional species, which could be related to a more pronounced shade effect, in agreement with the facilitation conception. The lowest diversity and density of ligneous plant species under S. molle characterizes an inhibition effect. T. micrantha could be included in restoration plans assembled with other species or combined with areas without intervention, whenever the spontaneous regeneration is possible.

Keywords: Forest restoration, Secondary succession, Shading, Solanum mauriatianum, Schinus terebinthifolius

iForest 5 (1): 1-5 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0601-009
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0601-009

Research Articles: First results on early post-fire succession in an Abies cephalonica forest (Parnitha National Park, Greece)

() — 2012-02-06

Ganatsas P, Daskalakou E, Paitaridou D

FIRST RESULTS ON EARLY POST-FIRE SUCCESSION IN AN ABIES CEPHALONICA FOREST (PARNITHA NATIONAL PARK, GREECE)

Abstract: Due to climate changes, the interest in the post-fire recovery of forest communities not adapted to wildfires, such as Greek fir (Abies cephalonica) forests, has increased. In this study, the post-fire recovery of the burned A. cephalonica forest of Parnitha National Park (central Greece) was investigated after a stand-replacing fire occurred in summer 2007, as well as the performance of A. cephalonica plantings in the post-fire conditions. The research focused on the estimation of the A. cephalonica stand reproductive capacity without fire, the evaluation of the post-fire regeneration of the burned stands, and the monitoring of the plantations performance after the fire in the area. Then, based on the field and laboratory data, the post-fire recovery process of A. cephalonica was evaluated by application of a simplified form of the comprehensive causal framework for ecological succession estimation in open site, developed by Pickett et al. (1987), adapted to the study conditions. According to the findings of the study, stand seed crop without fire was high, while seed quality was found extremely low. In the burned area, no A. cephalonica seedling recruitment was observed during the three years after the fire. A. cephalonica plantings exhibited a medium overall survival rate (65.3%), while seedlings growth was very slow. Thus, we can suppose that an ecological succession process may occur in the burned area, if no human interventions applied, and species adapted to wildfires (mainly shrubs and herbaceous) will dominate in the area. However, planting of A. cephalonica seedlings could contribute to the species participation in the post-fire communities.

Keywords: Greek fir, Ecological succession, Spontaneous regeneration, Planting performance

iForest 5 (1): 6-12 (2012) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0600-008
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0600-008

Research Articles: Mapping fungi from below ground: online genetic resources and ectomycorrhizal geographic distributions

() — 2011-12-13

Tse-Laurence MA, Bidartondo MI

MAPPING FUNGI FROM BELOW GROUND: ONLINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND ECTOMYCORRHIZAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS

Abstract: We used DNA sequences of 20 ectomycorrhizal fungal species obtained from roots in Britain and Germany to find location data within Europe for these fungi in the public DNA databases. These data were used to plot species presence on maps, environmental layers were laid over these maps, and information from those sites was extrapolated using geographic information systems. Through randomization tests the significant factors for each species from available data were tested. Similar methodology was used for fungal samples identified using morphology from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility to compare data quality and quantity. This analysis exposed the need for uniform methodology and greater distribution of sampling in order to create viable species distribution models for ectomycorrhizas.

Keywords: GIS, Geographic Information Systems, Ectomycorrhiza, GenBank, Ribosomal DNA, Fungi

iForest 4 (6): 252-255 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0599-008
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0599-008

Progress Reports: Landscape-scale Ips typographus attack dynamics: from monitoring plots to GIS-based disturbance models

() — 2011-12-13

Jakus R, Zajíčkova L, Cudlín P, Blaženec M, Turčani M, Ježík M, Lieutier F, Schlyter F

LANDSCAPE-SCALE IPS TYPOGRAPHUS ATTACK DYNAMICS: FROM MONITORING PLOTS TO GIS-BASED DISTURBANCE MODELS

Abstract: In natural spruce stands, a change of generation is usually initiated by wind or bark beetle disturbances. We combined semi-temporary monitoring plots, remote sensing, and GIS in order to understand and model these processes. Sub plots, called “active”, were located in areas with a high probability of bark beetle or wind disturbances. The optimal location of these plots is usually at an active forest edge, i.e., the zone of maximal change in bark beetle abundance over time, corresponding to the border between wind-damaged or bark beetle-attacked parts and undisturbed parts of a forest stand. The key variable investigated was tree mortality caused by bark beetles. Other variables were similar to those recorded in traditional forest monitoring. Tree defense indicators (resin flow, phenolic compounds) and reaction of a tree to bark beetle inoculation were measured. Terrestrial data were then combined with remote sensing data. Time series of satellite images were analyzed in order to define the pattern of wind and bark beetle damages. Weather monitoring data were used for predicting bark beetle and water stress development. All of the information was integrated in a GIS-based system and future bark beetle infestations were predicted. In this paper, we review previous studies and conclude that: (1) the hypotheses of habitat selection (non-host volatiles and semiochemical diversity) and location of moderately-stressed host trees are confirmed, although further work about olfactory orientation and host resistance is needed;(2) reactions of trees to bark beetle attack can be predicted by monitoring several parameters, e.g., air temperature and tree physiology; (3) data from ground monitoring can be integrated with GIS and remote sensing systems for bark beetle prognosis and management at the habitat and landscape levels.

Keywords: Spruce, Ips typographus, Attack, Drought, Host

iForest 4 (6): 256-261 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0589-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0589-004

Research Articles: Forest growth and climate change: evidences from the ICP-Forests intensive monitoring in Italy

() — 2011-12-13

Bertini G, Amoriello T, Fabbio G, Piovosi M

FOREST GROWTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE: EVIDENCES FROM THE ICP-FORESTS INTENSIVE MONITORING IN ITALY

Abstract: A few concurrent and/or counteracting factors (increase of average air temperature, rainfall shortage, drought, CO2 enrichment, ozone, nitrogen fertilization, sulphate deposition) drive today the soil-tree-atmosphere relationships in the Mediterranean area. Radial stem growth measured within the ICP-Forests level II Italian network provides a sensitive response to these occurrences. Climate fluctuations and repeated anomalous seasons or extreme events are the major evidences of the change in progress. The 2003 heat wave is the main event occurred in this decade over large part of Europe. In Italy, it provoked a marked water deficit coupled to high air temperature, which resulted in a heavy water stress. The growth performance in different forest types was analyzed in this paper: growth rate in 2000-2004, compared with 1997-1999, showed reductions up to 50% on half of the plots examined. Most of them were: (i) in northern-central Italy within the southern continental border of the climatic deviation; (ii) at low elevation, which is more sensitive to high air temperature and drought; (iii) made up of deciduous broadleaved forests (beech and oaks), i.e., species showing growth effects also in the following year. Over the time-window 2005-2009, a significant growth decrease was vice-versa detected within the coniferous spruce forests located at medium-high elevation in the Alps. Repeated seasonal deviations in temperature and rainfall were recorded in the Alps in 2005-2009. Climate effects at local scale were examined in a site where two oak species with a different auto-ecology (sessile oak and Turkey oak) grow together. The on-going change produced heavy mortality and reduced the growth of the more demanding and less drought-tolerant sessile oak; in a few years Turkey oak became prevailing in the stand composition and structure.

Keywords: Climate fluctuations, Extreme events, Monitoring, Stem growth

iForest 4 (6): 262-267 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0596-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0596-004

Book Reviews: National forest inventories: contributions to forest biodiversity assessments (2010)

() — 2011-11-05

Motta R

NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORIES: CONTRIBUTIONS TO FOREST BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTS (2010)

Abstract: National Forest Inventories are the most complete source of information on forests, and are also a potential important tool for assess and monitoring status and trends in forest biodiversity, Nevertheless, according to Chirici et al., the current inventories have some limitations and should be improved mainly to increase the harmonisation of the field protocols and to enhance the collection of non-tree forest information that are important for the biodiversity assessment.%uFEFF

Keywords: Forest inventory, Biodiversity, Sustainable management, Natura 2000

iForest 4 (5): 250-251 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0577-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0577-004

Progress Reports: Basic concepts and research activities at Italian forest sites of the Long Term Ecological Research network

() — 2011-11-04

Cocciufa C, Cerretti P, Matteucci G, Carpaneto GM

BASIC CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AT ITALIAN FOREST SITES OF THE LONG TERM ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH NETWORK

Abstract: Italy entered the International Long Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) in 2006, contributing a group of research sites in marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems to the global network. Five forest sites are included in the Italian Network. They are representative of the main forest ecosystems in Italy and integrate 15 research stations managed by different institutes. Starting from LTER rationale and basic concepts, the first part of the paper reviews the status of LTER Italy forest sites, the strengths resulting from multidisciplinary expertise and site management, current activities and available datasets. Long term data series on key environmental parameters show the high scientific value of these sites, where monitoring and/or research is still ongoing. But two main LTER issues are currently arising in the international context: (1) overall consistency of datasets; (2) harmonization of sampling methods. For this reason, the second part of the paper investigates the suitability of Italian forest sites to address recommended long term research topics and ecological issues of global concern and to investigate the shift from in-site monitoring to cross-site cooperation and inter-site research.

Keywords: Long term ecological research, Forest ecosystems, Research site, Datasets, Methodology, Biodiversity

iForest 4 (5): 233-241 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0576-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0576-004

Research Articles: Remote sensing of Japanese beech forest decline using an improved Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (iTVDI)

() — 2011-11-03

Ishimura A, Shimizu Y, Rahimzadeh-Bajgiran P, Omasa K

REMOTE SENSING OF JAPANESE BEECH FOREST DECLINE USING AN IMPROVED TEMPERATURE VEGETATION DRYNESS INDEX (ITVDI)

Abstract: The Tanzawa Mountains, which cover parts of Kanagawa, Yamanashi and Shizuoka prefectures in Japan, are known for their natural beech forests. Since the 1980s, decline of the beech forests, probably caused by air pollution, water stress and insect infestation, has become a serious problem. We estimated the natural beech forest mortality rate in the mountains by using multi-temporal 8-day composite data recorded at the MODIS instrument aboard the Terra satellite, daily air temperature data at meteorological stations (AMeDAS) in 2007, and a global digital elevation model obtained from ASTER aboard the Terra satellite. For the estimation, we used a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) indicating the vegetation density, a Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), and an improved TVDI (iTVDI) indicating the differences in transpiration rates between areas of similar vegetation density. We compared the NDVI, TVDI, and iTVDI maps with an existing mortality map of beech forests in the study area to verify their accuracy. To produce iTVDI maps, we calculated maps of air temperature by using ambient air temperature and elevation data. By interpolation using an environmental lapse rate, we calibrated air temperature maps with good accuracy (RMSE = 0.49 °C). The iTVDI map could detect mortality more accurately than the NDVI and TVDI maps in both spring and summer. Use of iTVDI enabled us to detect forest decline caused by air pollution and water deficits, inducing a reduction in transpiration rates. This index should be useful for monitoring vegetation decline.

Keywords: Decline, Forest, MODIS, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Improved Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (iTVDI)

iForest 4 (5): 195-199 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0592-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0592-004

Research Articles: Is methane released from the forest canopy?

() — 2011-11-03

Mikkelsen TN, Bruhn D, Ambus P, Larsen KS, Ibrom A, Pilegaard K

IS METHANE RELEASED FROM THE FOREST CANOPY?

Abstract: Laboratory experiments show that rates of CH4 emission from plant material depend exponentially on temperature and linearly on UV irradiance. The UV irradiance shall be spectrally weighted and shorter wavelengths results in higher CH4 emissions. Global upscaling models for estimating aerobic CH4, based on lab results, have be conducted with varying results, but until now field measurements based on profile and eddy covariance measurements have failed to show CH4 emissions from forest canopies. To detect CH4 production or consumption in the canopy of a beech stand we connected a CH4 analyzer to a canopy air profile system that samples air below and above the canopy from seven different heights. A profile system with many vertical sample points can detect gas concentration gradients with a high sensitivity only under conditions with no or little air movements. Under these conditions we found indications of periodic CH4 emissions in the canopy, but more data need to be analyzed before the magnitude of the canopy source of CH4 can be established.

Keywords: Methane, CH4 emission, Forest canopy, Fagus sylvatica L.

iForest 4 (5): 200-204 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0591-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0591-004

Research Articles: Availability and evaluation of European forest soil monitoring data in the study on the effects of air pollution on forests

() — 2011-11-03

Cools N, De Vos B

AVAILABILITY AND EVALUATION OF EUROPEAN FOREST SOIL MONITORING DATA IN THE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON FORESTS

Abstract: In the study of air pollution effects on forest ecosystems, solid soil data such as cation exchange capacity, base saturation and other exchangeable cation fractions, soil texture, soil moisture, soil weathering rates, C/N ratio and other variables form an important information base for many air pollution impact models. This paper shows some of the possibilities and the limitations of the soil data that European countries collected on the systematic Level I and on the intensive and permanent Level II monitoring plots within the ICP Forests programme. The soil data date from a first inventory in the 1990s and from a second inventory more than 10 years later. Both surveys were conducted following a common manual on sampling and analysis of soil. An example of the changes in pH(CaCl2) and base saturation in the forest floor and mineral soil on more than 2000 plots till a depth of 80 cm between the two surveys is presented. In this period the pH(CaCl2) significantly increased in the very acid forest soils [with pH(CaCl2) below 4.0] but further decreased in forest soils with pH(CaCl2) above 4.0. Following the trend in pH, the base saturation increased in soils with a very low buffering capacity (soils with a base saturation below 20% in the first inventory) and decreased in forest soils with reference base saturation values above 20%. There is both a decrease of soil pH and base saturation in the forest floor of the Arenosols and Podzols. In the Podzols this decreasing trend could not be established in the mineral soil, though this decreasing trend persisted in a number of mineral soil layers of the Arenosols. The only consistent increasing trend of pH and base saturation when stratifying according to the WRB reference soil groups was seen in the forest floor of the Luvisols and Cambisols.

Keywords: Forest soils, Soil acidification, Soil monitoring, ICP Forests

iForest 4 (5): 205-211 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0588-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0588-004

Research Articles: Incorporating management history into forest growth modelling

() — 2011-11-03

Eastaugh CS, Hasenauer H

INCORPORATING MANAGEMENT HISTORY INTO FOREST GROWTH MODELLING

Abstract: Mechanistic modelling is an important tool for understanding the impacts of climate change and pollutants on forest growth. One of the common practical limitations of these models is a lack of specific information regarding management activities such as thinning or harvesting, which can have a very strong influence on the accuracy of results. The use of inventory data for model parameterization and calibration is also problematic, as inventories are designed to have large volumes of data amalgamated to give accurate mean results across large areas. The precision of single point estimates is often quite low.This study uses BIOME-BGC to model forest growth on 1133 sites of the Austrian National Forest Inventory, and develops a method to estimate timber removal patterns prior to the commencement of record keeping on the sites. Recognizing the poor precision of individual point estimates in the data, we do not seek to precisely calibrate the model to the data on each point. Rather, we assume that the point-wise inventory estimates will be normally distributed around the true values. We then model each site assuming no management interventions, and compare this with inventory results. Plotting the “error” between model results and NFI data shows a strong right-skew, reflecting the modelled lack of timber removals. A Box-Cox transformation of the error plot, centred on zero, would represent an unbiased model estimate of the data, thus we can determine the historic timber removals as the difference between the original error curve and its Box-Cox transformation. Calibrating the model with this information allow us to represent forest volume with greater accuracy than would otherwise be possible.

Keywords: BIOME-BGC, Inventory, Uncertainty, Thinning, Model initialisation

iForest 4 (5): 212-217 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0597-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0597-004

Research Articles: Towards harmonization of forest deposition collectors - case study of comparing collector designs

() — 2011-11-03

Zlindra D, Eler K, Clarke N, Simončič P

TOWARDS HARMONIZATION OF FOREST DEPOSITION COLLECTORS - CASE STUDY OF COMPARING COLLECTOR DESIGNS

Abstract: In recent years the harmonization of methods in the frame of the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) operating under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) has been intensified. Among the C-actions of the FutMon project (LIFE07 ENV/D/000218; 2009-2010) the C1-Dep-22(SI) action was established with the goal to harmonize and develop the deposition monitoring procedures and sampling methods. The sampling equipment, spatial design of sampling plots and sampling frequency throughout Europe vary considerably. Therefore a step-by-step approach was made where the harmonized sampling equipment was developed and tested first. The selected collectors were installed at one observation plot of each participating country where measurements of throughfall and bulk deposition were run in parallel with the national collectors for a period of one year. To evaluate the agreement between methods, different statistical analyses were used including Altman-Bland plots, model II regression, and repeated measures ANOVA. Preliminary results from the “Intensive forest ecosystem monitoring plot” plot Brdo in NW Slovenia show a good agreement between national and harmonized bulk (both funnel-type) collectors, while comparison of throughfall measurements indicates systematic bias between harmonized (funnel-type) and national (gutter-type) collectors.

Keywords: Precipitation amount, Precipitation chemistry, Forest monitoring, Harmonization, Collector design

iForest 4 (5): 218-225 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0586-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0586-004

Technical Reports: A new database for time-series monitoring data: the NitroEurope approach

() — 2011-11-03

Owen SM, Leaver DS, Bealey WJ, Wilson R, Reis S, Sutton M

A NEW DATABASE FOR TIME-SERIES MONITORING DATA: THE NITROEUROPE APPROACH

Abstract: The NitroEurope Integrated Project (2006-2011) aimed to gain a better understanding of the nitrogen cycle and its impacts on the European greenhouse gas balance. Over sixty project partners collected large volumes of data from sites all over Europe. There are currently more than 15 forest sites in 11 countries, including beech, oak, spruce and mixed forests. The collected data are at different temporal resolutions, from one-off measurements to 30-minute time-series data. Around 500 variables (plus attributes) are measured, including soil and plant data, details of cultivation management for natural and manipulated sites, long-term datasets of flux and concentrations of greenhouse gas and pollutants and their precursors, and micrometeorology data. The NitroEurope research community therefore needed a database to provide easy upload and extraction of data for analysis, interpretation and modelling. A bespoke database with a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) in a user-friendly and attractive online environment was produced by the NitroEurope (NitroEurope 2011) database development team. The software provides a flexible interface between Microsoft Excel workbooks and an Oracle database. The database “Form Manager” enables construction of database forms which reflect the project’s Excel data workbook templates. The software locates data according to Excel worksheet and cell references. The database “Uploader” extracts the specified data from completed Excel templates and uploads data directly to the Oracle relational database tables through the web front-end. Data are run through a series of automatic checks on upload which can be verified using an online graphing tool. Data are then validated and made available to the NitroEurope community for downloading. The database “Reporting” tools enable data from different sites and activities to be brought together and datasets can be previewed and graphed before they are downloaded. The database has almost 300 users and currently contains over eight million rows of data. The data will be made available to the wider scientific community two years after the project ends (Spring 2013). The database structure is extremely flexible and has been used for the storage and reporting of other time-series project data at our institute.

Keywords: Forest data, Greenhouse gas flux, Environmental data, Climate change, User-friendly on-line database

iForest 4 (5): 226-232 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0595-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0595-004

Progress Reports: Utilization of agricultural and forestry resources in Central Guatemalan Highlands: a case study

() — 2011-11-03

Focacci M, Piussi P, Ciampi G

UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY RESOURCES IN CENTRAL GUATEMALAN HIGHLANDS: A CASE STUDY

Abstract: This paper analyses some key findings emerged in the study of the Mayan community of S. José Sinaché, located in the Guatemalan Highlands. The research highlights how colonial and post-colonial legislation influences the actual land tenure and hampers the development of the community. Little land ownership together with high demographic growth lead to insufficient crop production. As a consequence, human pressure on S. José forest and seasonal migration to sugar cane plantations of the Pacific Coast is carried out by householders in order to ensure subsistence to their families. A multisectorial approach must be implemented in order to give socio-economical and environmentally sound answers. New cropping and agroforestry techniques have to be coupled with the reformation of land property distribution and the participation of indigenous communities to decisional processes.

Keywords: Guatemala, Land Management, Deforestation, Farm Labour, Decentralization

iForest 4 (5): 242-247 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0579-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0579-004

Commentaries & Perspectives: Comment on Chiesi et al. (2011): “Use of BIOME-BGC to simulate Mediterranean forest carbon stocks”

() — 2011-11-03

Eastaugh CS

COMMENT ON CHIESI ET AL. (2011): “USE OF BIOME-BGC TO SIMULATE MEDITERRANEAN FOREST CARBON STOCKS”

Abstract: The mechanistic forest growth model BIOME-BGC utilizes a “spin-up” procedure to estimate site parameters for forests in a steady-state condition, as they may have been expected to be prior to anthropogenic influence. Forests in this condition have no net growth, as living biomass accumulation is balanced by mortality. To simulate current ecosystems it is necessary to reset the model to reflect a forest of the correct development stage. The alternative approach of simply post-adjusting the estimates of net primary production is fundamentally flawed, and should not be pursued.

Keywords: Increment, Biogeochemical model, Spin-up, Steady-state

iForest 4 (5): 248 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0593-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0593-004

Commentaries & Perspectives: Reply: “Use of BIOME-BGC to simulate Mediterranean forest carbon stocks”

() — 2011-11-03

Chiesi M, Chirici G, Barbati A, Salvati R, Maselli F

REPLY: “USE OF BIOME-BGC TO SIMULATE MEDITERRANEAN FOREST CARBON STOCKS”

Abstract: The current note responds to the critical contribution of Dr. Eastaugh on Chiesi et al. (Chiesi et al. 2011). That paper did not aim at applying BIOME-BGC to simulate stand growth, which requires a thorough modification of the model functions. In contrast, only a parameter setting was changed in order to adjust the predicted carbon storages during the simulation of quasi-equilibrium conditions. The adjustment was calibrated on volume statistics derived from the Tuscany forest inventory and is suitable for regional scale applications.%uFEFF

Keywords: Mediterranean forest, BIOME-BGC, Forest volume, Current annual increment

iForest 4 (5): 249 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0594-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0594-004

Research Articles: The potential of using xylarium wood samples for wood density calculations: a comparison of approaches for volume measurement

() — 2011-08-11

Maniatis D, Saint André L, Temmerman M, Malhi Y, Beeckman H

THE POTENTIAL OF USING XYLARIUM WOOD SAMPLES FOR WOOD DENSITY CALCULATIONS: A COMPARISON OF APPROACHES FOR VOLUME MEASUREMENT

Abstract: Wood specific gravity (WSG) is an important biometric variable for aboveground biomass calculations in tropical forests. Sampling a sufficient number of trees in remote tropical forests to represent the species and size distribution of a forest to generate information on WSG can be logistically challenging. Several thousands of wood samples exist in xylaria around the world that are easily accessible to researchers. We propose the use of wood samples held in xylaria as a valid and overlooked option. Due to the nature of xylarium samples, determining wood volume to calculate WSG presents several challenges. A description and assessment is provided of five different methods to measure wood sample volume: two solid displacement methods and three liquid displacement methods (hydrostatic methods). Two methods were specifically developed for this paper: the use of laboratory parafilm to wrap the wood samples for the hydrostatic method and two glass microbeads devices for the solid displacement method. We find that the hydrostatic method with samples not wrapped in laboratory parafilm is the most accurate and preferred method. The two methods developed for this study give close agreement with the preferred method (r 2 > 0.95). We show that volume can be estimated accurately for xylarium samples with the proposed methods. Additionally, the WSG for 53 species was measured using the preferred method. Significant differences exist between the WSG means of the measured species and the WSG means in an existing density database. Finally, for 4 genera in our dataset, the genus-level WSG average is representative of the species-level WSG average.

Keywords: Wood specific gravity, Aboveground biomass, Dry xylarium samples, Tropical forests, Congo basin forest

iForest 4 (4): 150-159 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0575-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0575-004

Editorials: COST Action FP0903: “Research, monitoring and modelling in the study of climate change and air pollution impacts on forest ecosystems”

() — 2011-08-11

Paoletti E, Tuovinen J-P

COST ACTION FP0903: “RESEARCH, MONITORING AND MODELLING IN THE STUDY OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS ON FOREST ECOSYSTEMS”

Abstract: The COST Action FP0903 and its first scientific conference are described here. This Action aims at increasing the understanding of state and potential of forest mitigation and adaptation to climate change in a polluted environment. Another key objective is to reconcile process-oriented research, long-term monitoring and applied modelling, for which the concept of “Supersites” (comprehensive forest research sites) is being developed. The conference “Research, monitoring and modelling in the study of climate change and air pollution impacts on forest ecosystems” was held in Rome (Italy) on 5-7 October 2010. It networked the main European communities working on air pollution, climate change and forests. The proceedings of the conference are published in this collection.

Keywords: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Forests, COST

iForest 4 (4): 160-161 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0583-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0583-004

Commentaries & Perspectives: Availability, accessibility, quality and comparability of monitoring data for European forests for use in air pollution and climate change science

() — 2011-08-11

Clarke N, Fischer R, de Vries W, Lundin L, Papale D, Vesala T, Merilä P, Matteucci G, Mirtl M, Simpson D, Paoletti E

AVAILABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY, QUALITY AND COMPARABILITY OF MONITORING DATA FOR EUROPEAN FORESTS FOR USE IN AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE

Abstract: Data from existing monitoring programmes such as ICP Forests, ICP Integrated Monitoring and EMEP, as well as from large-scale international projects such as CarboEurope IP and NitroEurope, can be used to answer questions about the impacts of air pollution and climate change on forest ecosystems and the feedbacks of forest to climate. However, for full use to be made of the available data, a number of questions need to be answered related to the availability, accessibility, quality and comparability of the data. For example, how can these databases be accessed, e.g., freely, over the internet, on request, by authorisation? How should intellectual property rights be protected, while improving access to data? What possibilities exist for harmonisation? Which quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures have been used and for how long? These and other relevant questions are discussed.

Keywords: Forest monitoring, Data availability, Data accessibility, Data quality, Data comparability, Data sharing

iForest 4 (4): 162-166 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0582-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0582-004

Commentaries & Perspectives: Towards a transnational system of supersites for forest monitoring and research in Europe - an overview on present state and future recommendations

() — 2011-08-11

Fischer R, Aas W, De Vries W, Clarke N, Cudlin P, Leaver D, Lundin L, Matteucci G, Matyssek R, Mikkelsen TN, Mirtl M, Öztürk Y, Papale D, Potocic N, Simpson D, Tuovinen L-P,

TOWARDS A TRANSNATIONAL SYSTEM OF SUPERSITES FOR FOREST MONITORING AND RESEARCH IN EUROPE - AN OVERVIEW ON PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

Abstract: Science-based approaches in addressing future risks and challenges for forests require close collaboration among the communities operating different monitoring and research networks as well as experts in process and large-scale modelling. Results of the COST FP0903 conference which took place in October 2010 in Rome, reveal valuable results from different European forest monitoring and research networks. However, the need for closer integration of these activities is obvious. In this paper, representatives from major European networks recommend a new approach for forest monitoring and research in Europe, based on a reasonable number of highly instrumented “supersites” and a larger number of intensive monitoring plots linked to these. This system needs to be built on existing infrastructures but requires increased coordination, harmonisation and a joint long term platform for data exchange and modelling.

Keywords: Forest monitoring, Supersites, Research infrastructure, Europe

iForest 4 (4): 167-171 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0584-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0584-004

Review Papers: Effects of increasing CO2 on trees and intensively monitored plots: research needs in view of future ecosystem studies

() — 2011-08-11

Michopoulos P

EFFECTS OF INCREASING CO2 ON TREES AND INTENSIVELY MONITORED PLOTS: RESEARCH NEEDS IN VIEW OF FUTURE ECOSYSTEM STUDIES

Abstract: The intensively monitored plots in Europe have offered a lot of information with regard to the dynamics of forest ecosystems. A large stock of data is already available as an input to ecological models. The carbon sequestration challenge is a little different from others. It requires long-term studies and additional information from what already exists. So far, apart from the determination of organic C in soils, research in the intensively monitored plots has mainly focused on above ground processes, i.e., crown assessment, phenology, deposition, litterfall, tree growth, and foliar chemistry. All these parameters are valuable and will continue to be so. However, according to the latest literature reviews on the subject, the key to understanding the reaction of trees to climate change lies in the dynamics of belowground processes. Information is needed on nitrogen mineralization rates, soil respiration rates and labile carbon forms in soils. If we take into account that countries pay for their carbon emissions and are paid for carbon sequestration, a research like this can be worth doing. Most importantly, the ecological models can be enriched and therefore be more precise in predicting tree response to climate change.

Keywords: Forest, Atmospheric CO2, Intensively monitored plots

iForest 4 (4): 172-175 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0590-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0590-004

Research Articles: Heavy metal (Zn, Pb, Cd) concentration in soil and moss (Pleurozium schreberii) in the Brynica district, southern Poland

() — 2011-08-11

Pajak M, Jasik M

HEAVY METAL (ZN, PB, CD) CONCENTRATION IN SOIL AND MOSS (PLEUROZIUM SCHREBERII) IN THE BRYNICA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN POLAND

Abstract: The atmospheric heavy metal pollution (lead, cadmium and zinc) of the Brynica district (one of the most polluted regions of Poland) was assessed in the top layer of soils (0-20 cm), organic layer and in tissues of the common woodland moss Pleurozium schreberii. Samples were taken in July 2008 at 31 points distributed over a 1500 x 1500 m grid. The concentration of trace elements changed depending on analysed material, distance from the metallurgic complex “Miasteczko Slaskie” and type of metals. The highest concentrations were close to Miasteczko Slaskie. The highest values were in the organic layer. Moss samples were useful as biomonitors. The analyses confirmed a considerable contamination with heavy metals of the forest environment in the Brynica district.

Keywords: Air pollution, Heavy metals, Pleurozium schreberii, Biomonitors, Trace elements

iForest 4 (4): 176-180 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0581-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0581-004

Technical Reports: Air pollution regulations in Turkey and harmonization with the EU legislation

() — 2011-08-11

Aydin Coskun A, Türker OY, Velioglu N

AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS IN TURKEY AND HARMONIZATION WITH THE EU LEGISLATION

Abstract: Since the very first moment of invention of fire in the prehistoric age, atmospheric pollution has increased to such an extent that it has become a threat for human and environmental health by the mid-20th century due to factors such as industrialization, migration from rural areas to urban, rapid population growth, unplanned settlements etc. In order to avoid these harmful effects, work has been carried out at national and international level. Air pollution is an important problem in Turkey too, and legal, institutional, technical and scientific studies are being conducted. One of the essential tools to be used to solve this problem is “legal regulations”. There are a vast number of legal regulations relating to this matter in Turkish environmental legislation, with Turkish Constitution of 1982 being at the first place. In addition, Turkey has commitments arising from being a party of international agreements. In EU membership process, harmonization between the EU and national legislation is in progress. In this study, commitments of Turkey arising from international agreements and EU Directives about air pollution are set forth. Then, Turkish environmental legislation about this issue is summarised. Finally, a gap analysis of Turkish air pollution legislation is performed compared to international provisions, and thus a basis is established for the legal regulations to be issued in the future.

Keywords: Environmental legislation, Air pollution, Climate change, EU, Turkey

iForest 4 (4): 181-185 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0585-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0585-004

Technical Reports: Population genetic structure of Platanus orientalis L. in Bulgaria

() — 2011-08-11

Grueva M, Zhelev P

POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF PLATANUS ORIENTALIS L. IN BULGARIA

Abstract: This paper reports the results of a genetic survey on population structure of Platanus orientalis L. in Bulgaria. Nine populations from southern Bulgaria were investigated by using isozyme gene markers. Nine of the enzyme systems were polymorphic. The populations revealed minor polymorphism, which indicates that the predominant allele was the same for all populations and its frequencies were higher than 0.5. The average number of alleles varied from 2.2 to 2.3, and the effective number of alleles ranged from 1.294 to 1.406. The percent of polymorphic loci ranged from 53.8% to 76.9%. Heterozygosity in the populations (average: 0.242; range: 0.229-0.289) was higher than the mean values reported for broad-leaved species (0.183). The expected and observed heterozygosities had similar values. The results showed that genetic diversity among populations measured by FST (0.077) and genetic distances (mean 0.029) was within the range of the values for Angiosperm tree species. The information could be used for designing proper gene conservation strategies.

Keywords: Platanus orientalis, Population structure, Conservation

iForest 4 (4): 186-189 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0580-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0580-004

Short Communications: Effects of nitrogen, calcium and cation exchange capacity on gum yield in Acacia senegal under plantation and savanna woodland conditions in northern Guinea savanna, Nigeria

() — 2011-08-11

Unanaonwi OE

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, CALCIUM AND CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY ON GUM YIELD IN ACACIA SENEGAL UNDER PLANTATION AND SAVANNA WOODLAND CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA, NIGERIA

Abstract: Several reports have indicated fertilizer application is not required for increased gum yield in Acacia senegal. This study investigated the relationships between soil properties and gum yield under plantation and savanna woodland conditions. Multi-stage sampling was used to demarcate a 900 ha plantation into 20 blocks of 45 ha, and a 300 ha savanna woodland into 10 blocks of 30 ha. Twenty sub-plots per site were randomly selected for yield assessment by tapping for gum collection, weighing, and recording yield figures in grams. Twelve soil pits were established for soil analysis. Data were analyzed using log-log correlation, and linear regressions. Plantation results showed nitrogen (r = 0.72) and Cation Exchange Capacity (r = 0.67) were positively correlated with yield, and calcium and yield were negatively correlated (r = -0.73). The plantation results indicated the coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error (SE) were respectively 0.99 and 0.005 for nitrogen,0.79 and 0.024 for calcium, and 0.53 and 0.036 for CEC. Ninety-nine percent, 79%, and 53% of the variation in yield were explained by nitrogen, calcium and CEC, respectively. Under savanna woodland conditions, only nitrogen was positively correlated with yield (r = 0.65), and R2 and SE were respectively 0.70 and 0.014, with 70% of the variation in yield explained by nitrogen. Regression equations were subsequently developed to predict gum yield. Gum yield was correlated with soil chemical properties, and could be predicted based on nitrogen, calcium, and CEC values.

Keywords: gum Arabic, gummosis, nutrient status, Northern Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna

iForest 4 (4): 190-194 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0587-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0587-004

Review Papers: Analysis of full-waveform LiDAR data for forestry applications: a review of investigations and methods

() — 2011-06-01

Pirotti F

ANALYSIS OF FULL-WAVEFORM LIDAR DATA FOR FORESTRY APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW OF INVESTIGATIONS AND METHODS

Abstract: The goal of this review is to present leading examples of current methodologies for extracting forest characteristics from full-waveform LiDAR data. Four key questions are addressed: (i) does full-waveform LiDAR provide advantages over discrete-return laser sensors; (ii) will full-waveform LiDAR provide valid results in support of forest inventory operations and allow for a decrease in ground sampling efforts; (iii) is the use of full-waveform LiDAR data cost effective; and (iv) what is the scope of the applied methods (i.e., is full-waveform LiDAR accurate for different forest compositions, structures, and densities, and is it sensitive to leaf-off/leaf-on conditions)? Key forest structure characteristics can be estimated with significant accuracy using full-waveform metrics, although methodologies and their corresponding accuracies differ. For example, some processing methods are valid at the plot scale, whereas other procedures perform well at the regional scale; to be effective, certain LiDAR data analyses require a minimum point density, whereas other methods perform well using large-footprint sensors. Therefore, it is important to match processing methods with the appropriate scale and scope. The aim of this paper is to provide the forest research community and remote sensing technology developers with an overview of existing methods for inferring key forest characteristics, including their applicability and performance.

Keywords: LiDAR, Full-waveform, Forest metrics, Forest structure parameters, Active remote sensing

iForest 4 (3): 100-106 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0562-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0562-004

Research Articles: Carbon emission reduction potentials through thinned wood in Japan

() — 2011-06-01

Etoh H, Sasaki N, Chay S, Ninomiya H

CARBON EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIALS THROUGH THINNED WOOD IN JAPAN

Abstract: Substituting fossil fuel with woody biomass for bioelectricity production has great potentials for carbon emission reductions while increasing forest productivity to increase carbon sequestration and improve ecological functionalities. Until recently, study on such potentials was very limited. Beginning in 2007, Japan’s special budgets were allocated for a 6-year intensive thinning on about 3.3 million ha of young stands for increasing carbon sinks in Japanese forests to meet the capped amount of 47.7 Tg CO2 year-1 allowed under the Marrakesh Accord. Because of only 30% of the thinned wood were used for sawntimber, CO2 and CH4 must have been emitted from the disposed thinned wood and wood waste. Such emissions and reduction potentials need to be assessed to provide future alternatives for climate change mitigation. We assessed carbon emission reduction potentials when woody biomass from thinned wood is fully utilized for bioelectricity production as compared with the generation of the same amount of energy produced under coal, oil, and natural gas scenarios. Our analytical results show that if all disposed thinned wood and wood waste are utilized to generate energy, about 62.6, 58.3, and 37.8 Tg CO2 year-1 could be prevented from emitting depending on emission scenarios or about 33.2, 30.9, and 20.0% of Japan’s reduction commitment to the Kyoto Protocol. On the other hand, if thinned wood and wood waste are not utilized, about 13.4 Tg CO2 year-1 would be released due to thinning. Our results suggest that incentives to reducing emission reductions in forest sector in the future climate change mitigation agreements will likely lead to large emission reductions, otherwise leakages due to thinning are unavoidable.

Keywords: Bioenergy policy, Carbon sinks, Disposed thinned wood, Thinning, Woody biomass

iForest 4 (3): 107-112 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0574-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0574-004

Research Articles: Mapping Cadmium distribution in roots of Salicaceae through scanning electron microscopy with x-ray microanalysis

() — 2011-06-01

Cocozza C, Maiuro L, Tognetti R

MAPPING CADMIUM DISTRIBUTION IN ROOTS OF SALICACEAE THROUGH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY WITH X-RAY MICROANALYSIS

Abstract: A screening in hydroponics was carried out to assess the potential of Cd uptake and metal accumulation in roots of 4 poplar and 2 willow clones. Rooted cuttings were exposed for 3 weeks to 50 μM Cd sulphate in a growth chamber. Salicaceae clones were discriminated in their potential to absorb and distribute Cd in root tissues considering the interaction between metal and macronutrients. SEM-EDXMA was useful to investigate structural modifications and to identify in situ concentration and distribution of elements in roots, establishing indirect correlations between accumulation and localization of the metal. Overall, observations suggested differential patterns between species and clones in accumulating Cd within the root profile. In conclusion, Cd accumulation in root levels would hardly be a useful indicator of the ability of plants to translocate metal, independently from other parameters, while Cd location in the root cross-section levels could suggest clone-specific control mechanism to mineral uptake.

Keywords: Cadmium, EDXMA-SEM, Salicaceae clones, Phytoremediation, Roots

iForest 4 (3): 113-120 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0563-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0563-004

Research Articles: Use of BIOME-BGG to simulate Mediterranean forest carbon stocks

() — 2011-06-01

Chiesi M, Chirici G, Barbati A, Salvati R, Maselli F

USE OF BIOME-BGG TO SIMULATE MEDITERRANEAN FOREST CARBON STOCKS

Abstract: BIOME-BGC is a bio-geochemical model capable of estimating the water, carbon and nitrogen fluxes and storages of terrestrial ecosystems. Previous research demonstrated that, after proper calibration of its ecophysiological parameters, the model can reproduce the main processes of Mediterranean forest types. The same investigations, however, indicated a model tendency to overestimate woody biomass accumulation. The current paper aims at modifying BIOME-BGC ecophysiological settings to improve the simulation of the woody compartment in Mediterranean forests. The modified ecophysiological parameter is the whole-plant mortality fraction (WPMF), which directly affects the amount of woody biomass stored. The optimal WPMFs of six main forest types in Tuscany are identified by forcing the model to reproduce the maximum standing volumes found in regional and local forest inventories. The effects of this operation are evaluated by comparing the model outputs produced using the original and modified settings to independent measurements from national forest inventories. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the modifications introduced and consolidate the methodological basis for extending the use of the modeling strategy to other Mediterranean areas.

Keywords: Mediterranean forest, BIOME-BGC, Stem volume, Current annual increment

iForest 4 (3): 121-127 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0561-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0561-004

Research Articles: A comparison between stomatal ozone uptake and AOT40 of deciduous trees in Japan

() — 2011-06-01

Hoshika Y, Shimizu Y, Omasa K

A COMPARISON BETWEEN STOMATAL OZONE UPTAKE AND AOT40 OF DECIDUOUS TREES IN JAPAN

Abstract: A comparison of the maps of stomatal ozone uptake (AFst0) and concentrations exceeding 40 ppb (AOT40) for dominant temperate deciduous tree species (Quercus serrata, Fagus crenata, Betula ermanii) was conducted in Japan. Estimations of stomatal ozone uptake were accomplished using estimated ozone concentration, climate data, and vegetation data. Key parameters such as stomatal conductance parameters for each species were collected from scientific literature in Japan. Stomatal closure induced by vapour pressure deficit affected the AFst0 values in warmer part of Japan. For this reason, the areas with high AOT40 did not always correspond to the areas with high AFst0. The result showed that ozone risk assessment using AOT40 is VPD-constrained in central Japan, which implies an overestimation of risk compared to AFst0. While in Europe AOT40 is higher where water stress is recurrent, AOT40 peaked in the cool and humid climate region of central-eastern Japan where also stomatal ozone uptake reached maximum values.

Keywords: Deciduous forest trees, Ozone uptake modeling, Stomatal conductance, Japan, Ozone

iForest 4 (3): 128-135 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0573-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0573-004

Research Articles: Structure and dynamics of a beech forest in a fully protected area in the northern Apennines (Sasso Fratino, Italy)

() — 2011-06-01

Bianchi L, Bottacci A, Calamini G, Maltoni A, Mariotti B, Quilghini G, Salbitano F, Tani A, Zoccola A, Paci M

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF A BEECH FOREST IN A FULLY PROTECTED AREA IN THE NORTHERN APENNINES (SASSO FRATINO, ITALY)

Abstract: Sasso Fratino Nature Reserve (National Park of Casentino Forests, northern Apennines) is a quite rare example of natural Apennine forest. The Reserve was established in 1959, aiming to protect a forest, although not a virgin one, low-intensively disturbed in the past by comparison with other neighbouring stands. Causes of such a low disturbance are the very limited accessibility of the area due to the very steep slopes characterising the site morphology, as well as historical features. The forest is a pure beech stand from 1250 m a.s.l. upwards, below this altitude is a mixed beech and silver fir forest. The study focuses on the understanding of the processes driving the evolution of the forest in the absence of human activities. To achieve this goal, 9 permanent, long-term research plots were established at different altitudes, in order to investigate on forest dynamics and regeneration processes. Simplified (single-layer) stand structures are more frequent where canopy gaps are absent. Two-layered structures are the result of the occurrence of canopy gaps, which allow the settlement, and subsequently the establishment, of a lower regeneration layer. Where the gap dimensions allow canopy closure, this kind of structure persists. When the gaps are quite large, the regeneration layer reaches the top layer and the structure stand tends, once more, toward a single-layer. Multilayered structures are extremely rare at plot level and become evident only at a wider scale. Our surveys indicate also a high variability of tree diameter distribution patterns in the forest stands. Such variability could be strictly related to the heterogeneity of site characteristics as well as to the effects of disturbance factors (both natural and anthropic). Concerning altitude, we observed an increase both of site index (dominant height) and species diversity in the regeneration layer, moving from higher (1500 m) to lower (900 m) altitudes. As a whole, our observations show that the dynamics of forest vegetation in the reserve is mostly affected by the interruption of tree canopy continuity. This implies substantial local variations of PAR in space and in time, which determine favourable ecological conditions for: (a) survival and growth of beech seedlings, or release of advanced beech regeneration; and (b) release of advanced silver fir regeneration (fir, more shade tolerant than beech, regenerates mainly in locations and conditions where the broadleaf saplings cannot survive for lack of light). The knowledge of the mechanisms of vegetation dynamics in the Reserve can be used to form the basis of close-to-nature silvicultural choices in similar stands in order to increase functionality and stability. Periodical monitoring of RNI will allow the investigation of the evolutionary trends of the forest stands.

Keywords: Old growth forest, Forest stand dynamics, Beech - Silver fir mixed stand, Forest management

iForest 4 (3): 136-144 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0564-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0564-004

Research Articles: First results of a nation-wide systematic forest condition survey in Turkey

() — 2011-06-01

Tolunay D, Karabiyik B, Temerit A

FIRST RESULTS OF A NATION-WIDE SYSTEMATIC FOREST CONDITION SURVEY IN TURKEY

Abstract: Monitoring of forest condition in Turkey started in 2006 when a 16x16 km grid of Level I plots was established. In 2007, the first 48 Pinus brutia plots were surveyed for crown condition. In 2008 and 2009, the plots were 398 and 563, respectively. In 2007, the mean defoliation for P. brutia was 13.0 %. In 2008-2009, the mean defoliation was 19.5-19.8 % and 27.0-23.0 % for coniferous and broadleaved species, respectively. Defoliation was higher than 25 % on 24.6-18.7 % of the monitored trees. The species with the highest defoliation were Carpinus betulus and Juniperus foetidissima in 2008, and Quercus pubescens and Juniperus communis in 2009. The slight improvement in forest health in 2009 may be attributed to better weather conditions than in 2008 (higher precipitation). The forests along the Black Sea coast of Thrace showed the highest defoliation in both 2008 and 2009. This may be due to transboundary air pollution from Istanbul, where sources of sulphate and nitrate pollution occur. Elevated defoliation rates were also observed in the Black Sea region; they were most probably caused by biotic factors in plots subject to industrial pollution.

Keywords: Forest monitoring, ICP forests, Air pollution, Health status, Defoliation, Turkey

iForest 4 (3): 145-149 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0567-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0567-004

Editorials: Adaptation of forest ecosystems to air pollution and climate change: a global assessment on research priorities

() — 2011-04-05

Serengil Y, Augustaitis A, Bytnerowicz A, Grulke N, Kozovitz AR, Matyssek R, Müller-Starck G, Schaub M, Wieser G, Coskun AA, Paoletti E

ADAPTATION OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS TO AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT ON RESEARCH PRIORITIES

Abstract: Climate change and air pollution are two of the anthropogenic stressors that require international collaboration. Influence mechanisms and combating strategies towards them have similarities to some extent. Impacts of air pollution and climate change have long been studied under IUFRO Research Group 7.01 and state of the art findings are presented at biannual meetings. Monitoring, modelling, assessment of multiple stressors, ecophysiology, and nutrient cycles have been thoroughly studied aspects of climate change and air pollution research for a long time under the umbrella of IUFRO RG 7.01. Recently, social and economic issues together with water relations are gaining more attention in parallel with science requirements on adaptation. In this paper, we summarise the main research needs emphasized at the recent 24th IUFRO RG 7.01 Conference titled “Adaptation of Forest Ecosystems to Air Pollution and Climate Change”. One important conclusion of the conference was the need for information on nutritional status of forest stands for sustainable forest management. It has been suggested to maintain long-term monitoring programs and to account for the effects of extreme years, and past and present management practices. Long-term monitoring can also help to understand the effects of forestry treatments on the nutrient and water budgets of the ecosystems which may enable to improve management practices like water saving silviculture.

Keywords: IUFRO, Forest research, Forest monitoring, Water budget

iForest 4 (2): 44-48 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0566-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0566-004

Research Articles: Long-term monitoring of air pollution effects on selected forest ecosystems in the Bucegi-Piatra Craiului and Retezat Mountains, southern Carpathians (Romania)

() — 2011-04-05

Badea O, Neagu S, Bytnerowicz A, Silaghi D, Barbu I, Iacoban C, Popescu F, Andrei M, Preda E, Iacob C, Dumitru I, Iuncu H, Vezeanu C, Huber V

LONG-TERM MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SELECTED FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN THE BUCEGI-PIATRA CRAIULUI AND RETEZAT MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS (ROMANIA)

Abstract: The monitoring studies carried out in the southern Romanian Carpathians (Retezat and Bucegi - Piatra Craiului Mts) provide a scientific support for long term ecosystem research (LTER). Their general objective is to characterize the air pollution and its potential effects upon forest ecosystems’ status and biodiversity in close connection with climatic changes. Two monitoring networks were placed in selected forest ecosystems for each LTER site (11 plots in Retezat and 22 plots in Bucegi - Piatra Craiului, respectively). Both in Retezat and Bucegi - Piatra Craiului Mts, the distribution of mean ozone (O3) concentrations are significantly correlated with altitude. The location (plot) has a significant influence on ozone concentration and in some cases the exposure period along the growing season has an influence. Ambient ozone (O3) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations were below toxicity levels for forest trees, their health status (crown condition) and volume growth being insignificantly affected. More than 45% of the rain events were acidic with pH≤5.5, thus contributing to an increased N deposition on forest stands. In Retezat Mts crown condition was relatively better than in Bucegi - Piatra Craiului Mts. As a consequence, in 2009 European beech (Fagus sylvatica) was the least affected species, with a percentage of damaged trees (crown defoliation higher than 25%) between 8.0% (Retezat) and 9.8% (Bucegi - Piatra Craiului), followed by Norway spruce (Picea abies) with 12.9% (Retezat) and 27.7% (Bucegi - Piatra Craiului). The most affected species was Silver fir (Abies alba) with 31.6% of damaged trees (Bucegi-Piatra Craiului). In the last period, both European beech and conifers (Norway spruce and Silver fir) with high defoliation (damaged trees) had lower annual relative increment than trees with low defoliation (healthy trees). A definite trend regarding rapid environmental modifications is not evident and no significant reduction of biodiversity occurred. In addition, all the vegetation biodiversity components of the forest ecosystems are specific to the stand type’s structures and local climate conditions, and no quantifiable consequences of specific air pollutants on ecosystems’ diversity occurred.

Keywords: Long-term monitoring, Air pollution, Forest ecosystems, Crown condition, Growth, Biodiversity

iForest 4 (2): 49-60 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0565-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0565-004

Research Articles: Carbon stock in Kolli forests, Eastern Ghats (India) with emphasis on aboveground biomass, litter, woody debris and soils

() — 2011-04-05

Mohanraj R, Saravanan J, Dhanakumar S

CARBON STOCK IN KOLLI FORESTS, EASTERN GHATS (INDIA) WITH EMPHASIS ON ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS, LITTER, WOODY DEBRIS AND SOILS

Abstract: The efficacy of tropical forest sinks in India continues to diminish in spite of several conservation efforts carried out at both governmental and non-governmental level. Lack of proper periodical and complete spatial inventory of carbon stock in India is a disturbing aspect at this aim. Carbon stock assessments are available only for few patches of Western Ghats of India, while assessment is almost negligible for Eastern Ghats. This paper focuses on estimation of existing carbon stock in the above ground biomass, litter, debris and soils (up to 30 cm) of different forest types of Kolli forest, located in Eastern Ghats of Tamilnadu, India (78°20’ to 78°30’E Long and 11°10’ to 11°30’ N Lat), within an area of 503 km2. Floristic diversity of Kolli hills is rich of endemisms and includes about 150 tree species. To estimate the carbon stock, about 26 quadrates of 25 X 25 m size were established. The organic carbon content of forest soil varied from 1.71 to 12.59%. The total carbon stock of soil, surface litter, coarse wood debris and total above ground biomass were estimated as 5.54, 0.034, 0.001 and 4.49 Tg C, respectively.

Keywords: Above ground biomass, Carbon stock, Eastern Ghats India, Soil carbon, Tropical forest

iForest 4 (2): 61-65 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0568-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0568-004

Research Articles: Soil drench of ethylenediurea (EDU) protects sensitive trees from ozone injury

() — 2011-04-05

Paoletti E, Manning WJ, Ferrara AM, Tagliaferro F

SOIL DRENCH OF ETHYLENEDIUREA (EDU) PROTECTS SENSITIVE TREES FROM OZONE INJURY

Abstract: Ozone (O3) is the air pollutant of major concern for vegetation. Levels in Mediterranean cities may exceed the criteria for vegetation protection. Ozone may induce a number of plant responses, e.g., visible injury on the leaves, that affect the ornamental value of urban forests. Antioxidant application may protect sensitive plants from ozone. The most successful synthetic antioxidant is ethylenediurea (EDU). Here we set the optimal EDU dose and concentration (260 mg m-2 leaf, 450 ppm) for protecting adult Fraxinus excelsior trees from ozone visible injury by means of EDU applications as soil drench.

Keywords: Ethylenediurea, EDU, Tropospheric ozone, Urban forests, Ornamental trees

iForest 4 (2): 66-68 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0569-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0569-004

Research Articles: Changes in the proteome of juvenile European beech following three years exposure to free-air elevated ozone

() — 2011-04-05

Kerner R, Winkler JB, Dupuy JW, Jürgensen M, Lindermayr C, Ernst D, Müller-Starck G

CHANGES IN THE PROTEOME OF JUVENILE EUROPEAN BEECH FOLLOWING THREE YEARS EXPOSURE TO FREE-AIR ELEVATED OZONE

Abstract: Tropospheric ozone, one of the most phytotoxic air pollutants, may specially impose in long-lived forest trees substantial reduction in productivity and biomass. European beech saplings grown in lysimeter around areas were used to monitor proteomic changes upon elevated ozone concentrations following four vegetation periods of exposure. A proteome study based on highly sensitive two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) was performed to identify protein changes in European beech, the most important deciduous tree in Central Europe. Main emphasis was on identifying differentially expressed proteins after long-time period of ozone exposure under natural conditions rather than short-term responses or reactions under controlled conditions. Our results clearly demonstrate a response of European beech saplings to long-term ozone fumigation at the protein level. We indicate changes in the protein abundance of 142 protein spots; among them 59 were increased and 83 decreased following three years of elevated ozone exposure. As the first step, 40 proteins were identified by a homology driven mass spectrometric approach. Some of the identified proteins have been previously described in the context of short-term ozone responses in plants, indicating, at least for certain cellular functions, the congruence of plant reactions following short- and long-term ozone exposure. Under elevated ozone exposure, abundance of proteins related to the Calvin cycle and photosynthetic electron transport chain were decreased whereas the abundance of proteins regarding the carbon metabolism/catabolism were increased.

Keywords: Abiotic stress, Elevated ozone, European beech, Woody plants, 2-D DIGE

iForest 4 (2): 69-76 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0570-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0570-004

Research Articles: Genetic monitoring in forests - early warning and controlling system for ecosystemic changes

() — 2011-04-05

Konnert M, Maurer W, Degen B, Kätzel R

GENETIC MONITORING IN FORESTS - EARLY WARNING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM FOR ECOSYSTEMIC CHANGES

Abstract: In the context of existent programmes of environmental monitoring which have been established as efficient tools for permanently observing environmental changes, a concept for a genetic monitoring in forests was recently elaborated by a German forest geneticist working group. Genetic monitoring is assumed to contribute essentially to the estimation and valuation of the effect of factors influencing the genetic system of trees in the forests, thus making it an early warning and controlling system for ecosystemic changes. The “Concept of a Genetic Monitoring for Forest Tree Species in the Federal Republic of Germany” gives scientifically-based guidelines for monitoring the current state and dynamics of genetic systems in forest stands of diverse tree species in an extensively, harmonized manner. Both objectives and the realization of the genetic monitoring concept are presented here. The status of the genetic systems of forest tree populations is assessed on the basis of criteria, indicators and verifiers. For this purpose the genetic as well as the phenological and physiological levels are taken into consideration in order to follow temporal developments and to estimate influencing factors. The results of a pioneer study concerning the tree species Fagus sylvatica and Prunus avium are reported.

Keywords: Genetic monitoring, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus avium, Indicators, Mating system

iForest 4 (2): 77-81 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0571-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0571-004

Research Articles: Responses of European forest ecosystems to 21st century climate: assessing changes in interannual variability and fire intensity

() — 2011-04-05

Dury M, Hambuckers A, Warnant P, Henrot A, Favre E, Ouberdous M, François L

RESPONSES OF EUROPEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS TO 21ST CENTURY CLIMATE: ASSESSING CHANGES IN INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY AND FIRE INTENSITY

Abstract: Significant climatic changes are currently observed and, according to projections, will be strengthened over the 21st century throughout the world with the continuing increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Climate will be generally warmer with notably changes in the seasonality and in the precipitation regime. These changes will have major impacts on the biodiversity and the functioning of natural ecosystems. The CARAIB dynamic vegetation model driven by the ARPEGE/Climate model under forcing from the A2 IPCC emission scenario is used to illustrate and analyse the potential impacts of climate change on forest productivity and distribution as well as fire intensity over Europe. The potential CO2 fertilizing effect is studied throughout transient runs of the vegetation model over the 1961-2100 period assuming constant and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Without fertilisation effect, the net primary productivity (NPP) might increase in high latitudes and altitudes (by up to 40 % or even 60-100 %) while it might decrease in temperate (by up to 50 %) and in warmer regions, e.g., Mediterranean area (by up to 80 %). This strong decrease in NPP is associated with recurrent drought events occurring mostly in summer time. Under rising CO2 concentration, NPP increases all over Europe by as much as 25-75%, but it is not clear whether or not soils might sustain such an increase. The model indicates also that interannual NPP variability might strongly increase in the areas which will undergo recurrent water stress in the future. During the years exhibiting summer drought, the NPP might decrease to values much lower than present-day average NPP even when CO2 fertilization is included. Moreover, years with such events will happen much more frequently than today. Regions with more severe droughts might also be affected by an increase of wildfire frequency and intensity, which may have large impacts on vegetation density and distribution. For instance, in the Mediterranean basin, the area burned by wildfire can be expected to increase by a factor of 3-5 at the end of the 21st century compared to present.

Keywords: Productivity, Soil water, Fire disturbance, Climate change, Modelling

iForest 4 (2): 82-99 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0572-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0572-004

Research Articles: Approaches to classifying and restoring degraded tropical forests for the anticipated REDD+ climate change mitigation mechanism

() — 2011-01-27

Sasaki N, Asner GP, Knorr W, Durst PB, Priyadi HR, Putz FE

APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING AND RESTORING DEGRADED TROPICAL FORESTS FOR THE ANTICIPATED REDD+ CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION MECHANISM

Abstract: Inclusion of improved forest management as a way to enhance carbon sinks in the Copenhagen Accord of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (December 2009) suggests that forest restoration will play a role in global climate change mitigation under the post-Kyoto agreement. Although discussions about restoration strategies often pertain solely to severely degraded tropical forests and invoke only the enrichment planting option, different approaches to restoration are needed to counter the full range of degrees of degradation. We propose approaches for restoration of forests that range from being slightly to severely degraded. Our methods start with ceasing the causes of degradation and letting forests regenerate on their own, progress through active management of natural regeneration in degraded areas to accelerate tree regeneration and growth, and finally include the stage of degradation at which re-planting is necessary. We argue that when the appropriate techniques are employed, forest restoration is cost-effective relative to conventional planting, provides abundant social and ecological co-benefits, and results in the sequestration of substantial amounts of carbon. For forest restoration efforts to succeed, a supportive post-Kyoto agreement is needed as well as appropriate national policies, institutional arrangements, and local participation.

Keywords: Assisted natural regeneration, Biodiversity, Climate change agreement, Forest restoration, REDD-plus, Reduced-impact logging, Silviculture

iForest 4 (1): 1-6 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0556-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0556-004

Review Papers: Heavy metals and woody plants - biotechnologies for phytoremediation

() — 2011-01-27

Capuana M

HEAVY METALS AND WOODY PLANTS - BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION

Abstract: Soil contamination by heavy metals is among the most serious danger for the environment, and new methods for its containment and removal are claimed, in particular for agricultural soils. Phytoremediation is an emerging, potentially effective technology applicable to restoration of contaminated soils and waters. Besides hyperaccumulator herbaceous plants, several woody species are now considered of interest to this aim. Many woody plants are fast growing, have deep roots, produce abundant biomass, are easy to harvest, and several species revealed some capacity to tolerate and accumulate heavy metals. Biotechnologies are now available for investigating this potential and enlarge the possibilities of exploitation of trees for remediation. The use of in vitro cultures, the role of bacteria and mychorrhizas, the powerful tool of genetic engineering, are some of the aspects focused in this paper that open prospects of global relevance for a better understanding of the processes related to the uptake of heavy metals by woody plants. In recent years significant progress has been made in identifying native plants and developing genetically modified tree plants for the remediation of heavy-metal polluted environment. Despite the intensive research developed in the last years, few field trials demonstrated the feasibility of the approach described, therefore much efforts should be addressed to this goal.

Keywords: Engineering, In vitro culture, Michorrhyzas, Pollution, Trees

iForest 4 (1): 7-15 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0555-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004

Review Papers: A review of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for deforestation policy in Bangladesh

() — 2011-01-27

Miah MD, Masum MFH, Koike M, Akhter S

A REVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS FOR DEFORESTATION POLICY IN BANGLADESH

Abstract: Deforestation in the tropical developing countries is the critical environmental concern to ecologists and environmentalists. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is critical to understanding the development path of a nation in relevance to its environment. The dictation of national economic growth to deforestation can be found through the study of EKC. To understand the EKC phenomena for deforestation, the study was undertaken through reviewing the literature. With the understanding of the different EKC trajectories for deforestation, an attempt was made to implicate the economic development of Bangladesh with the EKC. The proven EKC trajectories for deforestation in some regions/countries show a higher income per capita requirement for the turning point. The study suggests that tunneling in the EKC trajectory for Bangladesh would be favorable. The type of economic and forest policy that Bangladesh should follow to retard deforestation is also revealed. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) have been suggested for tunneling the EKC in Bangladesh. The findings of the study are expected to contribute to the environmental development of Bangladesh.

Keywords: CDM, Climate change, Economic growth, EKC, REDD+, Slowing deforestation

iForest 4 (1): 16-24 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0558-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0558-004

Research Articles: Soil and forest productivity: a case study from Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) stands in Calabria (southern Italy)

() — 2011-01-27

Bravo F, Lucà M, Mercurio R, Sidari M, Muscolo A

SOIL AND FOREST PRODUCTIVITY: A CASE STUDY FROM STONE PINE (PINUS PINEA L.) STANDS IN CALABRIA (SOUTHERN ITALY)

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether edaphic and/or topographic variables may be used as predictors of site productivity in Stone pine stands in Calabria (southern Italy). To accomplish this goal, a linear discriminant rule was developed using data from 16 pure Stone pine stands, grouped into three different classes based on the mean dominant height annual growth. The discriminant rule was based on three linear models (one for each class) that jointly predicts site class for a given stand. To test the accuracy of the proposed method, cross-validation was carried out by developing 16 alternative discriminant rules (excluding the analyzed data). Predictors tested were edaphic (texture, pH, organic matter) and topographic (altitude and slope) variables. The model obtained allow to discriminate poorest sites accurately (100% of sites were correctly re-classified using the discriminant functions obtained). In more productive areas, sites were correctly re-classified in the 33.33% of cases, while in intermediate sites the correct classification was equal to 50%. Our discriminant rule classifies correctly the poorest stands, suggesting that site index in plain site soils strongly depends on clay percentage. Overall, the edaphic model obtained classifies plots into the correct site index class 61.11% of cases, which is considered an acceptable value for these kinds of studies.

Keywords: Clay, Pinus pinea, Site index, Site productivity, Topographic factor

iForest 4 (1): 25-30 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0559-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0559-004

Research Articles: Naturally regenerated English oak (Quercus robur L.) stands on abandoned agricultural lands in Rilate valley (Piedmont Region, NW Italy)

() — 2011-01-27

Minotta G, Degioanni D

NATURALLY REGENERATED ENGLISH OAK (QUERCUS ROBUR L.) STANDS ON ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN RILATE VALLEY (PIEDMONT REGION, NW ITALY)

Abstract: The present study was carried out in 14 sites located in Rilate valley, a hilly area in the south-east Piedmont (NW Italy) within the Monferrato district. Sites were selected where naturally regenerated forest communities are developing on abandoned crop lands. Altitude ranges from 190 to 240 m a.s.l., while the abandonment period varied from 1 to 50 years at the time of the surveys (year 2007). The presence of younger stands (i.e., stands with age < 12 yrs) demonstrates a rapid invasion of abandoned farmlands by forest communities dominated by English oak mixed with other hardwoods, such as wild cherry and common elm. Observations conducted in older stands (i.e., stands with age ranging between 20 and 50 yrs) confirm the ability of English oak to generate well structured woodlands in the study area. In these environmental conditions previous cropping and exposure seem to play a significant influence on stand characteristics. Other noble hardwoods, such as wild cherry and common elm, are frequently associated with the oak. These stands showed a mean annual increment varying from 4 to 6 m3 ha-1 year-1 at the age of 45-50 yrs. At the present, black locust is only sporadic in the uppermost canopy layer and generally confined in the understory. The rapid colonization by Q. robur is favoured by the presence of adult oak trees in the field edges, providing abundant acorns efficiently dispersed by small rodents and birds. Oak stands observed in this study are worthy of notice in the light of the current decline of many adult oak communities in northern Italy, as well as for their potential to produce lumber and veneer logs. Therefore, these stands should be preserved avoiding coppicing or other irrational cuts. Further studies would be needed to analyze the contribution of soil characteristics to the colonization processes.

Keywords: Quercus robur, Abandoned croplands, Oak stands, Piedmont, Rilate valley

iForest 4 (1): 31-37 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0560-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0560-004

Technical Reports: Diversity pattern of vegetation in and around proposed Kotlibhel hydroelectric project along the Alaknanda River in Garhwal Himalaya (India)

() — 2011-01-27

Singh V, Dasgupta S, Jhaldiyal V, Chauhan DS, Todaria NP

DIVERSITY PATTERN OF VEGETATION IN AND AROUND PROPOSED KOTLIBHEL HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ALONG THE ALAKNANDA RIVER IN GARHWAL HIMALAYA (INDIA)

Abstract: The study made an assessment of the floral status of the project site of Kotlibhel hydrolectric project (Stage 1B) at Alaknanda valley in the Ganga river system (India). Study area included two broad zones: Influence (IZ) and Submergence zone (SZ). Influence zone showed higher species richness in all vegetation strata. In the upper layer, there were 26 tree species, middle layer consisted of 32 shrub species and ground layer (understory) contained 41 species. Maximum density in the tree layer (36.4 plants/ha) was found for Haldinia cordifolia in the Influence zone. On the other hand, shrub and herb species showed highest density in the Submergence zone. Highest density of shrubs species was recorded for Ficus hederacea (844.0 plants/ha), while highest density of herbs for Desmodium triflorum (5540.1 plants/ha). Significant differences in Shannon diversity were found between Influence and Submergence zones for shrub and herb species (P<0.001), but not for trees. Simpson diversity was not significantly different for tree, shrub and herb species in both zones. Differences in Margalef species richness were found (P<0.001) for all vegetation layers in both zones. Distribution pattern of the species showed contagious patterns for both Submergence and Influence zone. Maximum Shannon diversity (3.561) was recorded in the Influence zone for herb species, followed by shrubs species (3.184) and tree species (2.593). Submergence zone showed lower Shannon diversity than the Influence zone, where a higher Shannon diversity (3.480) was recorded for herb species. Pinus roxburghii showed the highest IVI in the Influence zone (71.88) and Mangifera indica in Submergence zone (58.77).

Keywords: Density, Diversity, Influence zone, Submergence zone

iForest 4 (1): 38-43 (2011) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0557-004
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0557-004

Research Articles: A comparative fluctuating asymmetry study between two walnut (Juglans regia L.) populations may contribute as an early signal for bio-monitoring

() — 2010-11-15

Kourmpetis YAI, Aravanopoulos FA

A COMPARATIVE FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY STUDY BETWEEN TWO WALNUT (JUGLANS REGIA L.) POPULATIONS MAY CONTRIBUTE AS AN EARLY SIGNAL FOR BIO-MONITORING

Abstract: Developmental stability, the ability of an individual to eliminate environmental disturbances while expressing a heritable phenotypic trait, was compared in two walnut (Juglans regia L.) populations, a natural and an artificial. Bilateral leaf morphometrics were used to estimate fluctuating asymmetry which refers to random deviation from perfect symmetry of bilateral traits resulting from extrinsic and intrinsic perturbations not buffered during development. Fluctuating asymmetry was used as a proxy of developmental stability. We analyzed our data from a Bayesian perspective showing that developmental stability levels are decreased in the natural population. Our results indicate that an attention may be directed towards the conservation of the natural walnut resources of the area. Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of developmental stability may contribute especially in the framework of comparative studies as a population biomonitoring tool.

Keywords: Signal asymmetry, Directional asymmetry, Developmental stability, Bio-monitoring, Conservation

iForest 3 (6): 150-152 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0552-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0552-003

Research Articles: Allometric relationships for predicting the stem volume in a Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. plantation in Bangladesh

() — 2010-11-15

Khan MNI, Faruque O

ALLOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS FOR PREDICTING THE STEM VOLUME IN A DALBERGIA SISSOO ROXB. PLANTATION IN BANGLADESH

Abstract: Allometric relationships for estimating stem volumes of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Sissoo) trees were investigated in monoculture plantations in Bangladesh. The various allometric relationships between stem volume and different dimensions were tested and the coefficient of determination R2 values were used to compare the strength of the relationships. Although the allometric equations were highly significant (P<0.01) there was considerable variation among them as indicated by the R2 values. Our results suggested that tree volume is more correlated with basal area than with simple D (stem diameter at 1.3 m height above the ground). The allometric relationships of stem volume to the tree diameter at 10% of tree height (D0.1) did not improve the allometric strength in comparison with simple D as reported in case of some other tree species. The multiplication of tree height H with D in the allometric equation gives a little improvement in the degree of fitness of the allometric equations. However, for the Sissoo plantations studied the stem dbh alone showed a very strong accuracy of estimation (R2 = 0.997) especially when used as D2. It is concluded that the use of tree height in the allometric equation can be neglected for the species, as far as the present study area is concerned. Therefore, for estimating the stem volume of Sissoo, the use of D2 as an independent variable in the allometric equation with a linear or quadratic equation is recommended. The paper describes details of tree volume allometry, which is important in silviculture and forest management.

Keywords: Allometry, Monoculture plantation, Regression, Rosewood, Sissoo, Stem volume

iForest 3 (6): 153-158 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0554-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0554-003

Research Articles: Effects of defoliation by the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa on biomass growth of young stands of Pinus pinaster in northern Portugal

() — 2010-11-15

Arnaldo PS, Chacim S, Lopes D

EFFECTS OF DEFOLIATION BY THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH THAUMETOPOEA PITYOCAMPA ON BIOMASS GROWTH OF YOUNG STANDS OF PINUS PINASTER IN NORTHERN PORTUGAL

Abstract: Biomass growth models for 13-year-old maritime pine tree stands (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in the north-eastern Portugal were developed and used to analyse the effects of the defoliation by the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) on biomass increment. For the adjustment of the models, 30 individual pine trees were destructively sampled and non-linear models were tested, using the diameter at 10 centimetre height (d0.10), the total height (h), both variables (d0.10+h) and d0.10 2h as preditors of biomass growth. The results showed that the best predictor was d0.10+h. Application of models to analyse tree biomass after attack by the pine processionary moth showed that the decrease of biomass increment was proportional to the severity of the insect attack, with average values of losses in biomass increment ranging from 37% to 73%, depending on defoliation intensity.

Keywords: Prediction model, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Biomass increment, Pinus pinaster

iForest 3 (6): 159-162 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0553-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0553-003

Commentaries & Perspectives: Research priorities and opportunities within the forestry and agroforestry sectors in Albania

() — 2010-09-27

Pisanelli A, Bregasi M, Jupe A, Toromani E

RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THE FORESTRY AND AGROFORESTRY SECTORS IN ALBANIA

Abstract: The present paper is the report of a study travel carried out in Albania in May 2009, which was financed by a Short Term Mobility Program of the Italian National Council of Research (CNR). During the stay, a scientific collaboration was established between the Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology - CNR and the Agricultural University of Tirana and several formal and informal meetings and interviews were arranged with different stakeholders involved in forestry and agroforestry sectors. Bibliographic materials were also collected and analysed. The specific aim of the paper is to highlight some research themes and priorities that could be implemented through specific projects and programmes.

Keywords: International cooperation, Rural development, Non timber forest products, Biomass for energy, Plantation forestry

iForest 3 (5): 113-117 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0534-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0534-003

Research Articles: Perspectives of the forest workers in Greece

() — 2010-09-27

Tsioras PA

PERSPECTIVES OF THE FOREST WORKERS IN GREECE

Abstract: This study aims at examining the perspectives of the Greek forest workers and the benefits that will be derived from the introduction of a forest workers’ training system. A postal questionnaire was distributed to 115 experts on forest operations nationwide, and personal interviews were conducted with 106 forest workers in 13 prefectures of Greece. The questionnaire was completed by 99 forestry experts with long experience on forestry issues all over Greece. The majority of the participants believed that there is a lack of interest on behalf of the State and that the most pressing problems are income-related. The results indicate that the number of forest workers will continue to decline unless specific measures are taken. Changes in the forest management systems are necessary since the present status has not lived up to the expectations. The introduction of a forest workers’ training system is expected to bring professionalism to the sector of forest operations, increase the overall productivity and improve the perspectives of the forestry workforce in Greece.

Keywords: Forest workers’ training system, Greece, Forest operations, Certification of vocational qualifications, Work perspectives

iForest 3 (5): 118-123 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0547-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0547-003

Research Articles: Roadside vegetation: estimation and potential for carbon sequestration

() — 2010-09-27

Da Silva AM, Braga Alves C, Alves SH

ROADSIDE VEGETATION: ESTIMATION AND POTENTIAL FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Abstract: The present paper reports the assessment of the vegetation occupancy rate of the roadside, through analysis of aerial photographs. Using such value the potential of these areas to be employed as carbon (C) sinks was also assessed. Moreover, for the areas suitable for afforestation, the potential for carbon sequestration was estimated considering different species of vegetation, both native (scenario 1) and exotic (formed by Pinus sp. and Eucalyptus sp. - scenario 2). The study was carried out through GIS techniques and two regions were considered. A set of equations was used to estimate the rate of occupancy over the study areas, as well as amounts of fixed C under the above scenarios. The average occupancy rate was 0.06%. The simulation showed a higher potential for C sequestration in scenario 2, being the estimated amounts of CO2 sequestered from the atmosphere per km of roadside: 131 tons of CO2 km-1 of highway to native species and 655 tons of CO2 km-1 of highway for exotic species (over period of 10 years for both estimates). If we consider the whole road network of the São Paulo State (approximately 190 000 km) and that a considerable part of this road work is suitable to receive this kind of service, it is possible to predict the very high potential for C sequestration if managers and planners consider roadside as area for afforestation.

Keywords: Carbon sequestration, Roadside vegetation, Potential for C sequestration, Afforestation, Forest management

iForest 3 (5): 124-129 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0550-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0550-003

Research Articles: Fine root production and distribution in the tropical rainforests of south-western Cameroon: effects of soil type and selective logging

() — 2010-09-27

Ibrahima A, Mvondo ZE A, Ntonga JC

FINE ROOT PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE TROPICAL RAINFORESTS OF SOUTH-WESTERN CAMEROON: EFFECTS OF SOIL TYPE AND SELECTIVE LOGGING

Abstract: Little information on fine roots that play an important role in nutrient cycling was available in tropical rainforests. Distribution of fine root production and effects of selective logging on root biomass and nutrient content change were studied in the tropical rainforests of south-western Cameroon. Twenty five root samples were excavated in each of two soil depths (0-10 and 10-25 cm) and in each of three undisturbed forests (Ebom, Ebimimbang and Nyangong) and one disturbed forest by logging, using a square metallic frame of 25 x 25 cm and 30 cm high. Root samples were categorized in three diameter classes: fine (<2 mm), small (2-5 mm) and medium roots (5-20 mm). Root biomass of three diameter classes and nutrients (N, Ca, Mg, K, Na and P) of the two first diameter classes were determined. Results have shown that total root biomass varied from 9.62 (Ebom) to 29.88 t ha-1 (Ebimimbang); those of fine roots decreased from Nyangong (7.43 t ha-1) to Ebom (1.74 t ha-1). In the top soil, the fine root biomass was 2 to 4 time lower in Ebom (1.43 t ha-1) than in other undisturbed forests (3.28 and 5.87 t ha-1). From 70 to 80% of fine root biomass were produced in the first 10 centimeters of soil depth. Nutrient amount in fine root biomass were also lower in Ebom than in Ebimimbang and Nyangong, except the P amount (kg ha-1) which remained high in Ebom. On the contrary, no pattern of nutrient content (g kg-1) changes among forest were found, except N and P that decreased from Ebom to Nyangong. Six years after logging, its effects on root biomass and nutrient changes were not significant and during this period, root production of disturbed forest was high due to rapid regeneration of forest particularly heliophilous tree species.

Keywords: Fine roots, Root biomass, Nutrients, Logging, Tropical rainforest, Cameroon

iForest 3 (5): 130-136 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0549-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0549-003

Research Articles: Tree encroachment dynamics in heathlands of north-west Italy: the fire regime hypothesis

() — 2010-09-27

Ascoli D, Bovio G

TREE ENCROACHMENT DYNAMICS IN HEATHLANDS OF NORTH-WEST ITALY: THE FIRE REGIME HYPOTHESIS

Abstract: Tree encroachment is one of the primary conservation issues in Calluna-heathlands, a priority habitat in Europe. Improving understanding of the ecological factors that trigger transitions to woodlands is key to developing strategies for heathlands management. The irrational use of fire has been recognized as one of the key factors that drives the loss of heathlands of north-west Italy. The effect of high frequency pastoral burning on the replacement of heathlands by grasslands has been documented by several studies. The relationship between fire and tree encroachment is less clear. The paper examines the effect of the fire regime on the encroachment of Populus tremula L. and Betula pendula Roth. in the heathland. The study was carried out at the Managed Nature Reserve of Vauda (7° 41’ E, 45° 13’ N), which includes one of the most valuable heathlands of north-western Italy. The experimental design consisted of analysing the age structure, dendrometric variables and the species composition of three aspen and birch stands, circular-shaped and isolated within the heathland matrix. From 1986 to 2009 all stands experienced the same fire regime due to pastoral burning. Wildfires of similar behaviour occurred in 1998, 2003 and 2008 and determined the stand structure observed in 2009. The results evidenced that fire acts as a catalyst not only for seedlings establishment, as previously documented, but also for woodland expansion in the heathland. After initial establishment, stands showed a concentric encroachment dynamic, mainly due to aspen root suckering after post-fire stem mortality, whose steps of expansion coincided with the return interval of wildfires. Moreover, aspen determined the loss of heathland characteristic species, whose relative abundances were inversely correlated to aspen density along a gradient from the stands centre to the surrounding heathland. The regulation of current burning practices by prescribed burning, integrated with rational grazing, presents the next research questions to be addressed.

Keywords: Tree encroachment, Heathland, Populus tremula, Conservation management, Prescribed burning

iForest 3 (5): 137-143 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0548-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0548-003

Research Articles: Domestic use of biomass fuel in the rural Meghna floodplain areas of Bangladesh

() — 2010-09-27

Akhter S, Miah MD, Koike M

DOMESTIC USE OF BIOMASS FUEL IN THE RURAL MEGHNA FLOODPLAIN AREAS OF BANGLADESH

Abstract: Rural households in the developing countries constitute the largest share of the biomass fuel consumption. It is also a major source of energy in the low income country. However, this energy consumption pattern varies from region to region. Different case studies on the biomass fuel consumption will certainly contribute to the understanding on the energy uses of a nation. The present study was conducted in the rural areas of the Meghna floodplain zone in Bangladesh, with a total of 80 sampled households, using the stratified random sampling technique through the semi-structured questionnaires from November 2008 through February 2009. Firewood, cowdung, leaves and twigs, branches, rice straw and rice husk were used as the biomass fuels mainly for the cooking purpose. Leaves and twigs were found as the dominant biomass fuel as 187 ± 25.69 (SE) kg month-1 household-1. The major source of biomass fuel collection was identified as the own homestead and agricultural lands, 74%. The households spent 14.56 ± 8.94 US$ month-1 household-1 for biomass fuels. The ratio of the total energy expenditure to the total income of the household was around 11%. But, the ratio of the biomass expenditure to the total energy expenditure of the households was 68%. Monthly income, land ownership and family size were found significantly influencing to the biomass energy expenditure. The study will be useful for the policy makers in the renewable energy, forestry and agriculture sector in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Demography and energy, Dominant biomass fuel, Energy expenditure, Forests, Sources of biomass fuels

iForest 3 (5): 144-149 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0551-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0551-003

Editorials: Long-term ecosystem research: understanding the present to shape the future

() — 2010-07-15

Schaub M

LONG-TERM ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH: UNDERSTANDING THE PRESENT TO SHAPE THE FUTURE

Abstract: (n/a)

Keywords: (n/a)

iForest 3 (4): 81 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0536-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0536-003

Review Papers: Impacts of climate change on the establishment, distribution, growth and mortality of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.)

() — 2010-07-15

Boden S, Pyttel P, Eastaugh CS

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT, DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF SWISS STONE PINE (PINUS CEMBRA L.)

Abstract: Anticipated future climate changes are expected to significantly influence forest ecosystems, particularly in treeline ecotones. Climate change will have both direct and indirect effects on the future distribution of alpine tree species, some of which will be positive and others negative. Although increased temperatures are on the whole likely to have a positive impact on growth and distribution of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.), indirect effects that influence seed dispersal may threaten the population viability of species. The complexity of the interrelations between climatic and non-climatic factors demands further research, which should include long-term monitoring.

Keywords: Swiss stone pine, Treeline, Climate change, Distribution shift, Tree growth, Mortality

iForest 3 (4): 82-85 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0537-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0537-003

Review Papers: Monitoring the effects of air pollution on forest condition in Europe: is crown defoliation an adequate indicator?

() — 2010-07-15

Johnson J, Jacob M

MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON FOREST CONDITION IN EUROPE: IS CROWN DEFOLIATION AN ADEQUATE INDICATOR?

Abstract: Forest condition in Europe is monitored under the International Co-operative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). The focus of the program is to provide an overview of the status of forest ecosystems in Europe with respect to air pollution and contribute to the understanding of the relationship between pollution and forest health. Crown condition parameters, i.e., defoliation and discoloration, are used as the principal indicators of forest condition within the ICP Forest network. Crown condition assessments have been successful in disproving the “forest die-back” hypothesis. However, there are a number of limitations associated with this approach given the current monitoring objectives. Data from crown condition assessments indicate that stand age and country differences explain most of the variation in crown defoliation. It is difficult to clearly discern the effects of air pollution from other site and stress factors. The results do however indicate the role of meteorology and other factors. A better understanding of the relationships between forest condition and air pollution may be achieved if more specific, quantitative response variables are selected. However, we suggest that the original focus of the program on air pollution effects may need to be re-evaluated.

Keywords: Air pollution, Forest health, Monitoring, Crown condition, Defoliation

iForest 3 (4): 86-88 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0538-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0538-003

Review Papers: Indicators of drought effects in Pinus sylvestris: genetic analyses to corroborate the results of empirical methods

() — 2010-07-15

Lechner RAB, Rigal A

INDICATORS OF DROUGHT EFFECTS IN PINUS SYLVESTRIS: GENETIC ANALYSES TO CORROBORATE THE RESULTS OF EMPIRICAL METHODS

Abstract: Drought periods can be responsible for substantial damage in forests. Different studies have used empirical methods to measure the impact of drought on trees. More recently, huge advances in genomics have allowed finding potential genetic markers involved in drought resistance or tolerance. In this paper we review some empirical and genomic approaches that have been published in the literature. We suggest that a combination of these two types of approaches allows a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to drought resistance or tolerance.

Keywords: Drought, Pinus sylvestris, Resistance, Genetic markers

iForest 3 (4): 89-91 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0539-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0539-003

Review Papers: Separating soil respiration components with stable isotopes: natural abundance and labelling approaches

() — 2010-07-15

Braig E, Tupek B

SEPARATING SOIL RESPIRATION COMPONENTS WITH STABLE ISOTOPES: NATURAL ABUNDANCE AND LABELLING APPROACHES

Abstract: Due to the potential of forest ecosystems contributing to CO2 increase as well as to climate change mitigation, forest-atmosphere CO2 exchange has been intensively studied over last decades. However, the contribution of individual components of belowground carbon pools is still poorly known. In particular, there is no unequivocal means to separate root respiration (autotrophic) from heterotrophic respiration by soil microflora and fauna. Most studies investigating soil respiration disturbed the soil and tried to exclude autrophic respiration. Here we review alternative non invasive methods to separate the two components. Those methods share the application of the stable carbon isotope 13C, using either local changes in natural abundance of 13CO2 or artificial labelling of trees with CO2 enriched or depleted in 13C. We conclude that the applicability of natural stable isotope methods is still limited in forest ecosystems because only in a few cases there are large enough differences in 13C among soil carbon pools (usually due to the earlier presence of a C4 canopy, which is seldom in forests). On the other hand, artificial labelling with CO2 either enriched or depleted in 13C is now in a widely used for partitioning soil respiration components. However, recent findings gave clear evidence that measurements of soil CO2 efflux can be substantially influenced by the return efflux of the abiotic label. Still, especially the combination of Free Air Carbon Enrichment (FACE) with dual δ13C and δ18O stable isotope approach has the potential to provide new answers on the response sensitivity of turnover dynamics of the largest belowground soil carbon storage to elevated temperature and CO2.

Keywords: Carbon stable isotopes, Labelling, Natural abundance, Autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration

iForest 3 (4): 92-94 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0541-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0541-003

Review Papers: Drought-induced mortality of Scots pines at the southern limits of its distribution in Europe: causes and consequences

() — 2010-07-15

Giuggiola A, Kuster TM, Saha S

DROUGHT-INDUCED MORTALITY OF SCOTS PINES AT THE SOUTHERN LIMITS OF ITS DISTRIBUTION IN EUROPE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Abstract: Several severe drought events have been reported in southern Europe during recent decades. Drought has been found to increase the mortality of the southernmost populations of Scots pine forests in Mediterranean countries and in dry inner-alpine valleys. Therefore the ongoing global climate change is likely to endanger Scots pine in future decades. Carbon starvation might be the main cause of the increasing mortality rate due to less carbon uptake and consequently to high susceptibility to biotic attacks. Forest management, in particular, thinning and shrub removal could decrease the intensity of drought stress by decreasing competition for water resources and thus increasing carbon uptake. The ongoing climate change and adaptive forest management will both play an important role for the sustainability of this specie across southern regions of Europe.

Keywords: Scots pine, Drought, Tree mortality, Tree vitality, Europe, Thinning, Shrub removal

iForest 3 (4): 95-97 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0542-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0542-003

Review Papers: Remote sensing-supported vegetation parameters for regional climate models: a brief review

() — 2010-07-15

Latifi H, Galos B

REMOTE SENSING-SUPPORTED VEGETATION PARAMETERS FOR REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELS: A BRIEF REVIEW

Abstract: Land surface plays a key role in a climate system. Thus, the land surface description will become increasingly important for climate modelling by its feedbacks on the climate. Various forms of active/passive remotely sensed data are nowadays being used to provide continuous and up-to-date information on the earth’s surface on both global and regional scales. This information is useful to be included in climate models. This review summarizes how LAI and albedo, two of the most important land surface parameters, could be derived from remote sensing. Whereas the high acquisition frequency, accessibility, and spatial continuality are referred to potential advantages, the scaling is still a drawback which may cause further problems such as incompatibility of different remote sensing data sources for a specific climate model. Moreover, issues like shadow and atmospheric effects are often problematic, especially when optical remote sensing is applied. Here, suggestions for improvement are made and open questions are pointed out.

Keywords: Regional climate models, Forest and vegetation parameters, Active and passive remote sensing

iForest 3 (4): 98-101 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0543-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0543-003

Review Papers: Open top chamber and free air CO2 enrichment - approaches to investigate tree responses to elevated CO2

() — 2010-07-15

Machacova K

OPEN TOP CHAMBER AND FREE AIR CO2 ENRICHMENT - APPROACHES TO INVESTIGATE TREE RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO2

Abstract: Open Top Chamber (OTC) and Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) are currently the prevailing approaches to study plant responses to elevated carbon dioxide. Method-inherent characteristics of either method distinctively influence results. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are reviewed here, leading to the conclusion that Open Top Chambers seem to be more suitable for investigating the physiological responses of single trees to high levels of carbon dioxide, while Free Air CO2 Enrichment systems are more useful for studying the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on whole forest ecosystems since they have a large diameter, thus allowing to work with larger trees. Free Air CO2 Enrichment systems also provide a natural microclimate, thus leading to ecologically more meaningful results. Methods involving Screen-Aided CO2 Control (SACC) are proposed as a compromise eliminating disadvantages and combining advantages of both the Open Top Chamber and the Free Air CO2 Enrichment methods. Considering the wide variety of experiments under a range of additional environmental factors it is difficult to identify a typical bias that may be inherent in the data generated by the Open Top Chamber and the Free Air CO2 Enrichment. Meta analysis of large number of past studies revealed that Open Top Chamber experiments produce a stronger growth enhancing effect of carbon dioxide than Free Air CO2 Enrichment experiments. Future comparative discussion of Open Top Chamber and Free Air CO2 Enrichment data needs to take into account this potential bias to yield biologically meaningful interpretations.

Keywords: Open Top Chamber (OTC), Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE), Tree response to elevated CO2, Screen-Aided CO2 Control, Chamber effect, Experimental bias, Elevated CO2 treatment

iForest 3 (4): 102-105 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0544-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0544-003

Review Papers: Increasing dissolved organic carbon concentrations in freshwaters: what is the actual driver?

() — 2010-07-15

Sucker C, Krause K

INCREASING DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN FRESHWATERS: WHAT IS THE ACTUAL DRIVER?

Abstract: Since the beginning of the 1990s, an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has been observed in rivers and lakes in various parts of Europe and North America. The processes responsible for the increased DOC concentrations are complex and not entirely understood. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the recent debate about increases in the DOC concentrations in surface water and their possible drivers.

Keywords: Dissolved organic carbon, Atmospheric deposition, Freshwater, Climate change

iForest 3 (4): 106-108 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0546-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0546-003

Review Papers: Field experiments using CO2 enrichment: a comparison of two main methods

() — 2010-07-15

Mauri A

FIELD EXPERIMENTS USING CO2 ENRICHMENT: A COMPARISON OF TWO MAIN METHODS

Abstract: The dramatic increase in global atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past century is hypothesized to have significant impacts on the earth system. To understand the effects of elevated CO2 on terrestrial ecosystems, two main methods have been used to simulate an increase of CO2 in a semi-controlled field setting: 1) Open Top Chambers (OTC); and 2) Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). The OTC method has been applied to study the components of forest ecosystems at small scale by manipulating seedlings or isolated juvenile trees, but is not able to address ecosystem processes as a whole. For technical reasons, OTC cannot be used to consider scaling issues, interaction with the boundary layer, and competition among species. To address these issues FACE technology was developed. FACE enables longer-term studies in larger plots, and allows studies of plant processes such as leaf area and canopy development, canopy energy balance and canopy gas exchange. In this review, I synthesize results from literature, in particular from meta-analysis techniques applied either to OTC or FACE. The results are qualitatively similar: CO2 enrichment leads to reduced stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen, and enhanced photosynthesis and production. However, photosynthesis and crop yield were lower in FACE experiments than OTC, while starch content was higher. These results provide support for ecosystem model simulations, and help fill the gap between individual plants, forest and regional ecosystem. Neither OTC nor FACE can provide a clear indication of the regional-scale feedbacks between atmosphere and vegetation that might be expected under elevated CO2. To address this issue, further research is needed.

Keywords: Photosynthesis, Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment FACE, Open top chamber, Carbon sequestration, Forest ecosystem

iForest 3 (4): 109-112 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0545-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0545-003

Technical Reports: The treatment of land use, land use change and forestry in the post-2012 climate agreement: a perspective from non-Annex I Parties

() — 2010-05-17

Federici S, Galluzzi G

THE TREATMENT OF LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY IN THE POST-2012 CLIMATE AGREEMENT: A PERSPECTIVE FROM NON-ANNEX I PARTIES

Abstract: Given the greater vulnerability of developing countries to climate change, their paramount interest is to establish effective mitigation policies including the land use and forestry sectors as part of the post-2012 Climate Agreement. In this context, an accounting system for land use, land use change and forestry acceptable to non-Annex I Parties can arise only if critical elements in current accounting rules are removed and a solution to data uncertainties is found. Indeed, current accounting rules oppose the fundamental principles outlined in the both Convention on climate change and in the Kyoto protocol. They require accounting of only a portion of land-use activities and exclude forest management, give special provisions to exclude some net emissions from accounting, do not require the use of a reference level in quantifying net emissions and risk remunerating business as usual mitigation actions. Encouragingly, the current negotiation text contains options which, if adopted, would define an accounting system capable of responding to developing countries’ expectations. These options include the establishment of a national reference level suited to country-specific circumstances and other measures to ensure that only truly additional mitigation actions are remunerated and that all anthropogenic net emissions on managed lands are included. Finally, the opportunity of applying the principle of conservativeness in the future accounting routine is discussed, as a straightforward and effective instrument to correct uncertain estimates and therefore to reduce the risks of assigning an incorrect amount of credits and debits in this complex sector.

Keywords: Forests, Land use, Mitigation, Accounting, Kyoto Protocol

iForest 3 (3): 56-58 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0533-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0533-003

Review Papers: Integration of forest mapping and inventory to support forest management

() — 2010-05-17

Corona P

INTEGRATION OF FOREST MAPPING AND INVENTORY TO SUPPORT FOREST MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Forest inventory and forest mapping can be considered as monitoring and assessment applications that respond to different demands. However, the integration of mapping and inventory provides an effective framework for the support of forest management from multiple perspectives: (i) use of thematic maps for stratifying the inventory sample for the purpose of improving the precision of inventory estimates; (ii) coupling remotely sensed and sample inventory data for the purpose of constructing maps of inventoried forest attributes; (iii) coupling remotely sensed data and sample inventory data for the purpose of improving the precision of the inventory estimates; (iv) using inventory data as prior information to support thematic mapping; and (v) using inventory data to correct map areal estimates. This paper aims to provide general considerations on this integration issue in the form of a scientific review and commentary discussion.

Keywords: Thematic mapping, Forest inventory, Monitoring and assessment programs, Remote sensing, Probability sampling

iForest 3 (3): 59-64 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0531-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0531-003

Research Articles: Diversity, distribution and vegetation assessment in the Jahlmanal watershed in cold desert of the Lahaul valley, north-western Himalaya, India

() — 2010-05-17

Rawat YS, Vishvakarma SCR, Oinam SS, Kuniyal JC

DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND VEGETATION ASSESSMENT IN THE JAHLMANAL WATERSHED IN COLD DESERT OF THE LAHAUL VALLEY, NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

Abstract: Relict vegetation in the Jahlmanal watershed is sparsely and scantily distributed on forest land. Farmers maintain tree species (Salix spp., Populus spp., Hippophae rhamnoides) on the boundaries of terraced agriculture fields to meet the fodder and fuel wood requirements. Juniperus macropoda was found in relict forest patches in sparse and stunted conditions. The density of Salix fragilis was 3340 trees ha-1 under agroforestry and 5520 trees ha-1 under forestry. The density of J. macropoda was 4200 tree ha-1 in natural forest followed by 700 tree ha-1 in agroforestry and 160 tree ha-1 in managed forestry systems. The agroforesty system of the watershed consists of 30% trees, 35% small trees and 35% shrubs species. Shrubs contributed the highest density with 59.1% of the total, followed by density of trees (29.5%) and small trees (11.3%). Trees contributed highest basal area in all the three systems, i.e., agroforestry, forestry and forest. The relict forest patches are subjected to deforestation due to anthropogenic pressure, hence in-situ and ex-situ conservation are required. Efforts are needed for plantation of ecologically suitable multipurpose tree species with indigenous species in the watershed. Technological interventions are also required to improve the quality and resistance against drought and climate change.

Keywords: Vegetation analysis, Agroforestry, Forestry, Forest, Watershed, Lahaul valley, Cold desert, Indian Himalaya

iForest 3 (3): 65-71 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0532-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0532-003

Research Articles: Monitoring spatial and temporal pattern of Paneveggio forest (northern Italy) from 1859 to 2006

() — 2010-05-17

Tattoni C, Ciolli M, Ferretti F, Cantiani MG

MONITORING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERN OF PANEVEGGIO FOREST (NORTHERN ITALY) FROM 1859 TO 2006

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a forest cover analysis over a time span of 150 years in a protected area of Eastern Trentino (Northern Italy), Paneveggio Pale di S. Martino Nature Park. With the aid of Grass GIS two historical maps (1859 and 1936) and a set of aerial photographs taken from 1945 to 2006 have been analysed, orthorectified and classified with a supervised method, in order to derive a series of forest cover maps. Techniques applied and problems encountered in using heterogeneous material are discussed. The research shows that from 1859 to the present the increase of forest cover is about 25%, due to the reduced impact of forestry and farming. Timberline dynamics have also been considered; an average growth of about 1 m/year has been estimated for the last 150 years and the data have been compared with the timberline cartography and to field surveys. Timberline estimation for recent years appears to be affected mainly by lower human pressure while the relationship with climate changes is difficult to evaluate. Landscape metrics were used to quantify the changes in forest fragmentation and to identify three core areas that have remained unchanged over time. This case study fills a gap of knowledge about the history of forest cover in the area, shows how multi temporal analysis can support protected area management. This study has been requested by the Park managers, a sign t that landscape planners are becoming aware of past landscape importance.

Keywords: Forest cover change, Timberline, Alps, Historical landscape, Landscape change, Aerial photography, Historical forestry maps, Spatial pattern, Park management, GIS

iForest 3 (3): 72-80 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0530-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0530-003

Commentaries & Perspectives: What happened to forests in Copenhagen?

() — 2010-03-02

Grassi G, Federici S, Pilli R

WHAT HAPPENED TO FORESTS IN COPENHAGEN?

Abstract: After the chaotic final days of the Copenhagen climate conference, many saw only fog, i.e., an unclear outcome and much uncertainty on future steps to take. Were the forests lost in this fog or some tree is still visible, possibly suggesting a path to take? This commentary will briefly analyse the outcome of the Copenhagen conference with respect to the main forestry issues under debate: LULUCF (Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry, i.e., mainly forest CO2 removals in industrialized countries) and REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries).

Keywords: Forest, Climate Change, LULUCF, REDD, Kyoto

iForest 3 (2): 30-32 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0529-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0529-003

Research Articles: Long-term implications of traditional forest regulation methods applied to Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) forests in central Spain: a century of management plans

() — 2010-03-02

Bravo F, Osorio LF, Pando V, Del Peso C

LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF TRADITIONAL FOREST REGULATION METHODS APPLIED TO MARITIME PINE (PINUS PINASTER AIT.) FORESTS IN CENTRAL SPAIN: A CENTURY OF MANAGEMENT PLANS

Abstract: Pinus pinaster stands in the northern Iberian range (Spain) have been under forest management plans for more than a century. The main goals have been sustainable yield and conservation and enhancement of forest conditions. In the study area, forest management plan implementation started to be effective in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the plans have been evaluated every ten years. In these forests, a permanent forest compartment method has been applied as the management system. Different regeneration methods have been applied (uniform shelterwood and clear cutting in Soria, selective and uniform shelterwood and continuous cover forestry in Teruel). To analyse the evolution of each forest group, five management indicators have been tested in this study: number of merchantable trees, standing volume, resin production, allowable yield, and harvested volume. Forest situation improvement and maintenance of forest integrity are not only a consequence of the actions planed by foresters, they are also influenced by socio-economic transformations that have occurred during the last century such as the weakness of the resin market, decreasing demand for fire wood, restriction of pasture activities, and increasing recreation use.

Keywords: Forest regulation, Indicators, Standing volume, Harvest volume, Pinus pinaster Ait.

iForest 3 (2): 33-38 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0526-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0526-003

Research Articles: The role of palm husbandry in the rural economy of the south-eastern region of Bangladesh

() — 2010-03-02

Rana MP, Islam MS

THE ROLE OF PALM HUSBANDRY IN THE RURAL ECONOMY OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN REGION OF BANGLADESH

Abstract: An exploratory study was conducted in Feni, a south-eastern district of Bangladesh to explore the role of palm husbandry in the rural economy. A total of 48 households in the study area were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Based on the total annual income, the farmers were categorized into three groups as high-income group, medium income group and low-income group. Palm tree contributes 26,000 Tk, 22,740 Tk and 18,300 Tk respectively to the three-income group annually (1 US$ = 69 Tk). Palm trees contribute 46% of total annual income to low-income group followed by 19% to medium income group and 14% to high-income group. Incase of overall income of all the respondents, 26% income comes from palm trees. Besides this, palms provide a multitude of useful products ranging from fuelwood to materials for construction, tools and handicrafts. However the poor marketing system result in decreasing the annual return from palm trees. Palm husbandry could be a promising source of rural incomes in Bangladesh if the farmers’ traditional management knowledge was linked to more scientific management practices.

Keywords: Agroforestry, Palm, Economics, Rural, Bangladesh

iForest 3 (2): 39-43 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0528-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0528-003

Research Articles: A state-and-transition approach to alpine grasslands under abandonment

() — 2010-03-02

Targetti S, Staglianò N, Messeri A, Argenti G

A STATE-AND-TRANSITION APPROACH TO ALPINE GRASSLANDS UNDER ABANDONMENT

Abstract: The abandonment of the traditional pastoral practices is acknowledged as the main causes of the shrub-encroachment in the alpine semi-natural grasslands. In this paper, we proposed a state-and-transition approach in order to organize pastoral vegetation in a simple management-oriented framework integrating ecological data. The study sites were chosen in an inner alpine territory where the abandonment of pastoral practices was more evident than in other alpine regions. Cluster and fuzzy analysis applied to botanical data allowed the classification of six pastoral types and the assessment of the main overlaps between them. Non-parametric tests on Landolt nutrients indices, slope and distance from farm allowed the identification of a gradient linked with nutrients and pastoral practices intensity from rich pastures to shrub encroached pastures. Moreover, the implementation of the available information in a state-and-transition model (STM) allowed us to hypothesize the presence of an ecological threshold between grass-dominated and shrub-dominated grasslands and the identification of the at-risk pastoral types in the shrub-encroachment dynamics.

Keywords: Pastoral types, State-and-transition model, Shrub encroachment, Landolt ecological indices, Grazing management

iForest 3 (2): 44-51 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0525-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0525-003

Research Articles: Roadside grassland vegetation in an oak forest, Oak Creek Wildlife Area, the Cascade Range, USA

() — 2010-03-02

Tsuyuzaki S, Titus JH

ROADSIDE GRASSLAND VEGETATION IN AN OAK FOREST, OAK CREEK WILDLIFE AREA, THE CASCADE RANGE, USA

Abstract: Roadside grassland vegetation in a Quercus garryana forest, that is one of the dominant species in west Cascade, on the Oak Creek Wildlife Area, Naches, Washington, USA, was investigated to determine the patterns of human impact on the vegetation along mountain trails. Vegetation and environmental data were collected on forty-eight 50 cm × 50 cm plots. Plot cover ranged from 3 to 100% (1 to 8 species) and most of the cover was from exotic species. In order to explore vegetation patterns the following environmental variables were measured: slope, tree canopy area, bare area, distance from road, and litter thickness. The vegetation data and environmental variables were examined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). CCA showed that canopy area played important roles in vegetation development. Litter thickness and soil firmness also seemed to be related to the vegetation pattern. Distance from the road affected plant cover but was not related to canopy area, and litter thickness, suggesting that the distance was not a prime determinant on the vegetation pattern a priori. Species richness was the highest in mid-vegetation cover plots, i.e., 40-60%. An exotic plant, Sisymbrium officinale, increased in frequency with a decrease in vegetation cover, and two exotic plant species, Achillea millefolium and Anthoxanthum odoratum, occurred with S. officinale. S. officinale may be a good indicator for evaluating environmental deterioration. The preservation of canopy cover is of prime importance for nature conservation in forested recreational areas.

Keywords: Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), Oak forest, Roadside, Litter thickness, Species indicator

iForest 3 (2): 52-55 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0527-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0527-003

Commentaries & Perspectives: Harmonizing forest inventories and forest condition monitoring - the rise or the fall of harmonized forest condition monitoring in Europe?

() — 2010-01-22

Ferretti M

HARMONIZING FOREST INVENTORIES AND FOREST CONDITION MONITORING - THE RISE OR THE FALL OF HARMONIZED FOREST CONDITION MONITORING IN EUROPE?

Abstract: Considerable attention was received by the proposed “harmonization” process between forest condition monitoring (FCM) and “traditional” national forest inventories (NFIs) networks. While some harmonization has been achieved and documented within the FCM at European level, it is not so for NFIs. Since the two systems may show remarkable differences also at country level, the extent to which a fully harmonized European-scale FCM-NFI system can be achieved is rather uncertain, if ever possible. In contrast, different harmonization perspectives may be considered at national level: (i) harmonization of assessment/measurement methods, (ii) functional integration of network while keeping them separate, and (iii) full integration of networks. Unfortunately while the cost-benefit balance of this harmonization processes was not clarified, actions were already undertaken that may lead to the disruption of the FCM data series initiated in the 1980s. The conclusion of the process may be ironical: will the current effort in “harmonizing” NFIs and FCM results into the disruption of the European-wide longest and most harmonized time series of forest condition data?

Keywords: Networks, Time series, Harmonization, Integration, Forest

iForest 3 (1): 1-4 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0518-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0518-003

Technical Reports: Post-fire forest management in southern Europe: a COST action for gathering and disseminating scientific knowledge

() — 2010-01-22

Barbati A, Arianoutsou M, Corona P, De Las Heras J, Fernandes P, Moreira F, Papageorgiou K, Vallejo R, Xanthopoulos G

POST-FIRE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN EUROPE: A COST ACTION FOR GATHERING AND DISSEMINATING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

Abstract: Every year about 45 000 forest fires occur in Europe, burning half a million hectares of forests and rural lands; between 1995 and 2004, more than 4 million hectares burned in the Mediterranean Region alone. Post-fire management of burned areas has been given much lesser attention than combating or preventing fires. However, important questions raise public concern and call for sound scientific knowledge to undertake appropriate post-fire actions: e.g., how to evaluate fire damages in economical terms? How to manage burned areas? Is it possible to establish, in the long-term, less flammable and more fire resilient forests and landscapes? To address these questions, a network of researchers and practitioners working in the field of fire ecology and forest management from all around Europe has been established in the frame of “COST Action FP0701-Post-Fire Forest Management in Southern Europe”, supported by the European Union Research and Technology Development Framework Program. The Action aims to: i) develop and disseminate scientifically based decision criteria for planning post-fire forest management, from the stand to the landscape level; ii) translate this scientific knowledge into management practices; iii) connect scientists and stakeholders for exchanging experiences, evaluating these practices, and putting them into practice. To achieve these objectives the scientific groups involved will a) review and summarize the current scientific knowledge on post-fire management in Europe, by gathering and evaluating the results of previous and ongoing research; b) translate this knowledge into technical recommendations, by producing thematic reports, a book on the state-of-the-art of scientific knowledge on post fire assessment, and an electronic handbook on post-fire restoration; c) disseminate this knowledge to stakeholders, practitioners and decision makers. Besides publications and a project website already active (http://uaeco.biol.uoa.gr/cost/), training schools and one major conference will be organized. Although focused on Southern Europe, the outcomes of this Action will be crucial for central and northern European countries as well, as climate change and land use changes often leading to more homogeneous and expanding forest areas are already increasing fire hazard in those regions.

Keywords: Post-fire forest management, Post-fire restoration and rehabilitation, Forest and landscape resilience, Knowledge transfer, Southern Europe

iForest 3 (1): 5-7 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0523-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0523-003

Research Articles: Wildfire cause analysis: four case-studies in southern Italy

() — 2010-01-22

Lovreglio R, Leone V, Giaquinto P, Notarnicola A

WILDFIRE CAUSE ANALYSIS: FOUR CASE-STUDIES IN SOUTHERN ITALY

Abstract: Forest fires in Italy are mainly caused by humans, and directly depend on social behavior, whether voluntary (arson) or involuntary (negligence). Despite the progress in knowledge made with studying the physical facets of the phenomenon, causes and motives of human-related fire remain mostly unknown. This paper proposes the implementation of the Delphi method (an interactive expert-questionnaire process) in order to assess why fires are ignited. In four study cases, within a high fire incidence area (southern Italy), the Delphi technique identified as major cause of negligence the use of fire in agriculture and, as major causes of voluntary fires, motives related to seasonal labor. The main results in terms of frequency are: (i) for involuntary events (negligence), experts unanimously identified the relevant importance of negligent use of agricultural fires, particularly stubble burning (13.99% of responses). For (ii) voluntary fires (arson), results highlight the relative importance of fires ignited by seasonal workers as an instrument to force or maintain employment (8.41% of responses).

Keywords: Delphi method, Fire causes, Agricultural fires, Ignition motives, Arson fires, Negligent fires, Panel of fire experts

iForest 3 (1): 8-15 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0521-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0521-003

Research Articles: Shrub facilitation of Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens regeneration in a wooded pasture in central Sardinia (Italy)

() — 2010-01-22

Alias S, Bianchi L, Calamini G, Gregori E, Sioni S

SHRUB FACILITATION OF QUERCUS ILEX AND QUERCUS PUBESCENS REGENERATION IN A WOODED PASTURE IN CENTRAL SARDINIA (ITALY)

Abstract: In the woodlands of Sardinia, as in many other areas of the Mediterranean region, grazing of domestic animals is still very common, though often in the absence of any sustainable management logic or technique. The present work analyzes the effects of excessive grazing pressure on a wooded pasture in the municipality of Orgosolo (Nuoro province), emphasizing the effects on the natural regeneration of the oak species (Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens). This study has revealed the positive effects of the interaction between shrubs and seedlings of tree species. Crataegus monogyna proved to be the most efficient shrub species in favouring the establishment and growth of saplings; Rubus ulmifolius is efficient in the establishing phase but somewhat less so in the following stages. The other shrub species (Prunus spinosa, Genista pichi-sermolliana, Stachys glutinosa) play a lesser facilitating role. Despite the fact that seedlings are found in more than half (56%) of the shrub patches, the average age of the seedlings (14±0.6 yrs) and their small average size (height 24±1.4cm) lead to think that the present grazing pressure is incompatible with any concrete chance of success for their natural regeneration.

Keywords: Shrub facilitation, Tree regeneration, Wood pasture management, Overgrazing, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens

iForest 3 (1): 16-22 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0517-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0517-003

Research Articles: Implications of ecotourism development in protected areas: a study from Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh

() — 2010-01-22

Rana MP, Sohel MSI, Mukul SA, Chowdhury MSH, Akhter S, Chowdhury Q, Koike M

IMPLICATIONS OF ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PROTECTED AREAS: A STUDY FROM REMA-KALENGA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, BANGLADESH

Abstract: This article is based on visitors profile study of protected area based tourist spots of Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS), Bangladesh to ascertain the potential of ecotourism. Study findings shows that 69% male constitute the visitors group while the maximum number of visitors was found in the age of below 30 years. Most of the visitors were literate and among them 43% visitors were student. Most (53%) of visitors preferred to get recreation in holidays as they were employed. Visitors were highly preferred to come with friends group. About 92% respondents showed positive mind to come here in future while 89% respondents view that park has tourism potential. Most of the respondents reported the presence of wildlife (48%) most notable followed by plant diversity and tribal community as recreational. From χ2 test it is found that highly significance association present between tourism potentiality of the wildlife sanctuary and some demographic variable like income of tourists (χ2 = 49.138, p < 0.000), visiting pattern (χ2 = 19.344, p < 0.000), education of tourists (χ2 = 50.226, p < 0.000), travelling distance (Km - χ2 = 11.427, p < 0.022), duration of staying (χ2 = 12.867, p < 0.002), frequency of visit (χ2 = 8.456, p < 0.015), visiting time (χ2 = 6.530, p < 0.011), problem in the study area (χ2 = 14.962, p < 0.021), occupation of tourists (χ2 = 8.848, p < 0.031). If the problems addressed by the visitors were solved, RKWS would be a bright place of eco-tourism in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Ecotourism, Protected area, Tourism potential, Visitors, Bangladesh

iForest 3 (1): 23-29 (2010) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0520-003
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0520-003

Research Articles: Networking sampling of Araucaria araucana (Mol.) K. Koch in Chile and the bordering zone of Argentina: implications for the genetic resources and the sustainable management

() — 2009-12-22

Drake F, Martín MA, Herrera MA, Molina JR, Drake-Martin F, Martín LM

NETWORKING SAMPLING OF ARAUCARIA ARAUCANA (MOL.) K. KOCH IN CHILE AND THE BORDERING ZONE OF ARGENTINA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Araucaria araucana, a southern South American tree species, is considered a representative symbol of Chilean forest biodiversity due to its endemicity and longevity. An expedition to Chile and its border zone with Argentina was carried out with the aim of determining the current state of this species and to establish a tree network to study its genetic variability. Eight locations were selected across the range of distribution of the species and several experimental plots were established based on the heterogeneity within each location. Field trips revealed a high fragmentation in Araucaria forests showing low or non-existent regeneration in most of its distribution area. Experimental plots allowed the identification of severely altered areas. Moreover, 371 trees were catalogued, 193 males and 178 females. The tree network established will be very useful in future evaluations of both the ecological status of the species and its genetic resources, allowing the development of conservation strategies.

Keywords: Araucaria araucana, biodiversity, ecological attributes, genetic resources

iForest 2 (6): 207-212 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0524-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0524-002

Research Articles: Juvenile growth response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to sudden change of climatic environment in SE European trials

() — 2009-12-22

Mátyás C, Bozic G, Gömöry D, Ivankovic M, Rasztovits E

JUVENILE GROWTH RESPONSE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA L.) TO SUDDEN CHANGE OF CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT IN SE EUROPEAN TRIALS

Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyse provenance tests of beech situated close to the south-eastern continental limits of the species, in order to develop a response model of adaptation and plasticity of populations on evolutionary-ecological basis, following sudden climatic changes, as a result of transplanting. Modelling of juvenile height was performed with the help of ecodistance variables. The concept of transfer analysis and ecodistance is based on the hypothesis that phenotypic response to macroclimatic changes depends on the inherited adaptive potential of the population and on the magnitude and direction of experienced environmental change. In common garden experiments, the transfer to the planting site is interpreted as simulation of environmental change. The application of ecodistance of transfer for evaluating common garden experiments provides much needed quantitative information about response of tree populations to predicted climatic changes. The analysis of three field experiments of European beech in SE Europe indicates that macroclimatic adaptation patterns exist in juvenile growth and justify restrictions of use of reproductive material on the basis of evolutionary ecology. The presented model illustrates that response to climatic change is regionally divergent, depending on testing conditions and on hereditary traits. In particular, climatic warming in the central-northern part of the range may lead to production increase. However, under the stressful and uncertain conditions at the lower (xeric) limit of the species, growth depression and vitality loss are predicted. The deviating behaviour of higher elevation provenances support their separate treatment. The results may be utilised in climate change adaptation and mitigation policy in forestry and nature conservation, to revise rules for use of reproductive material and also for validating evolutionary and ecological hypotheses related to climate change effects.

Keywords: Genetic adaptation, Provenance test, Common garden, Phenotypic stability, Ecodistance, Fagus sylvatica

iForest 2 (6): 213-220 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0519-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0519-002

Research Articles: Growth patterns of Pinus sylvestris across Europe: a functional analysis using the HYDRALL model

() — 2009-10-15

Magnani F, Nolè A, Ripullone F, Grace J

GROWTH PATTERNS OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS ACROSS EUROPE: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS USING THE HYDRALL MODEL

Abstract: The variability of Pinus sylvestris growth over two geographic transects across Europe has been explored through a process-based forest growth model (Hydrall: HYDRaulic constraints on ALLocation) which accounts for the effects of environmental conditions not only on short-term gas exchanges, but also on allocation and tree structure. The model has been validated against both eddy-covariance and growth data under contrasting environmental conditions. Forest growth was found to be reduced by low temperatures (-50%) and water stress (-37%) at the opposite extremes of the natural range of the species. Application of a functional model made it possible to partition growth reductions between individual processes. Gross primary production was severely affected by low temperatures and short vegetative periods at the northern extreme of the specific range (-53%), and by low air and soil humidity at the southern limit (-26%). The ratio between net and gross primary production was found to be rather constant across the temperate region, only increasing in the boreal zone in response to low temperatures (+20%). Under dry conditions, on the contrary, a substantial proportion of the reduction in aboveground productivity was attributed to the need to allocate increasing amounts of resources to fine root production and maintenance (+16%). Both short and long-term responses should be considered in the prediction of climate change impact on forests.

Keywords: Allocation, ANPP, Geographic variation, GPP, Precipitation, Scots pine, Temperature

iForest 2 (5): 162-171 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0516-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0516-002

Research Articles: Status and socio-economic significance of wetland in the tropics: a study from Bangladesh

() — 2009-10-15

Rana MP, Chowdhury MSH, Sohel MSI, Akhter S, Koike M

STATUS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF WETLAND IN THE TROPICS: A STUDY FROM BANGLADESH

Abstract: This study was carried out in the adjacent communities of the Hakaluki haor, the largest inland freshwater wetland of Bangladesh to explore their socio-economic status and haor-based livelihood dependency. Hakaluki haor is a poverty stricken region with 37% households falling into extreme poor group having monthly income of Tk 2 000.00 only. More than half of the community view Hakaluki haor as the vital source of livelihoods. The surrounding community is dependent on the haor in varying degree (15% totally dependent, 32% moderately and 53% less) with a variety of livelihood activities like fishing and related profession (32%), duck rearing (29%), cattle rearing (28%), fuel wood collection (6%), sand extraction (3%) and reed collection (2%). The average annual household incomes from fishing of naturally available fish, pisciculture and NTFPs collection are Tk 21 701.35, Tk 31 524.83 and Tk 2 704.80, respectively. The haor serves as the source of fuel for cooking to a majority of the community (48%). The respondents identified over-exploitation of fish resources, use of excessive pesticides and gradual increase of human settlement in and around the haor as the most threatened events. With the designation as Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) by the government, immediate attempts should be taken to ensure sustainable utilization of the haor resources. Development of integrated management plan with a provision of the participation of local stakeholders may become the possible way of conserving this wetland.This study was carried out in the adjacent communities of the Hakaluki haor, the largest inland freshwater wetland of Bangladesh to explore their socio-economic status and haor-based livelihood dependency. Hakaluki haor is a poverty stricken region with 37% households falling into extreme poor group having monthly income of Tk 2 000.00 only. More than half of the community view Hakaluki haor as the vital source of livelihoods. The surrounding community is dependent on the haor in varying degree (15% totally dependent, 32% moderately and 53% less) with a variety of livelihood activities like fishing and related profession (32%), duck rearing (29%), cattle rearing (28%), fuel wood collection (6%), sand extraction (3%) and reed collection (2%). The average annual household incomes from fishing of naturally available fish, pisciculture and NTFPs collection are Tk 21 701.35, Tk 31 524.83 and Tk 2 704.80, respectively. The haor serves as the source of fuel for cooking to a majority of the community (48%). The respondents identified over-exploitation of fish resources, use of excessive pesticides and gradual increase of human settlement in and around the haor as the most threatened events. With the designation as Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) by the government, immediate attempts should be taken to ensure sustainable utilization of the haor resources. Development of integrated management plan with a provision of the participation of local stakeholders may become the possible way of conserving this wetland.

Keywords: Livelihood, Wetland, NTFPs, Hakaluki haor, Bangladesh, Asia

iForest 2 (5): 172-177 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0512-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0512-002

Research Articles: Plant cover evolution and naturalisation of revegetated ski runs in an Apennine ski resort (Italy)

() — 2009-10-15

Argenti G, Ferrari L

PLANT COVER EVOLUTION AND NATURALISATION OF REVEGETATED SKI RUNS IN AN APENNINE SKI RESORT (ITALY)

Abstract: Revegetation on ski runs is performed to limit soil erosion, to reduce visual impact and to lengthen the duration of snow cover. Commercial forage mixtures are often used and the mid-long term aim is to obtain a high level of colonisation by species of the local flora to ensure the ecological integration of restored areas. The naturalisation of the artificial canopy is affected in a remarkable way by the local environmental conditions and by management of the swards. To contribute to the knowledge of this process, data collected in an Apennine ski resort on several ski runs revegetated in different years and located at different elevations (from 1020 to 1745 m a.s.l.) are reported. Botanical analyses were also conducted on natural areas located at different altitudes and close to the ski tracks to assess the level of naturalisation reached by the artificial canopy. Results showed the effectiveness of the revegetations performed, even though they were carried out with very simple mixtures. Data collection allowed to evaluate the rapidity of the naturalisation process which is mainly affected by the height of the ski slope and years since sowing. Evolution of swards over time demonstrated that, in the environment studied, characterised by low altitude, the speed of colonisation by native species is considerably higher than that reported in previous studies carried out in different alpine environments located at upper elevations.

Keywords: Revegetation, Botanical composition, Native species, Floristic richness

iForest 2 (5): 178-182 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0511-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0511-002

Research Articles: Nutrients (N, P and K) dynamics associated with the leaf litter of two agroforestry tree species of Bangladesh

() — 2009-10-15

Mahmood H, Limon SH, Rahman MS, Azad AK, Islam MS, Khairuzzaman M

NUTRIENTS (N, P AND K) DYNAMICS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LEAF LITTER OF TWO AGROFORESTRY TREE SPECIES OF BANGLADESH

Abstract: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh.) and Swietenia macrophylla (King.) are not native to Bangladesh, but they are widely used in agroforestry practices for their commercial values. Selection of tree species with efficient return of nutrients is a vital challenge in agroforestry practices to maintain the soil fertility for sustainable crop production. Therefore, a comparative study was conducted on nutrients (N, P and K) leaching from leaf litter of E. camaldulensis and S. macrophylla in laboratory condition. The initial dry weight of leaf litter of E. camaldulensis and S. macrophylla were significantly (p<0.05) decreased to 18% and 10%, respectively at the end of the experiment. Eucalyptus camaldulensis showed comparatively (t-test, p<0.05) higher rate of weight loss, conductivity and TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) of leached water. Comparatively, higher amount of N (48 μg g-1) was released from leaf litter of E. camaldulensis whereas higher amount of P (0.8 µg g-1) and K (23 mg g-1) from S. macrophylla, leaf litter and both the species showed similar pattern of nutrient (K>N>P) release during the leaching process. Nutrients (N, P and K) concentration in leaf litter of these species showed significant (p<0.05) negative exponential curvilinear relationships with the weight loss. Result of this study suggests that E. camaldulensis is the best in terms of N return and S. macrophylla the best in terms of P and K return.

Keywords: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Leaching, Nutrient cycling

iForest 2 (5): 183-186 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0510-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0510-002

Research Articles: Wood-soil interactions in soil bioengineering slope stabilization works

() — 2009-10-15

Moscatelli MC, Romagnoli M, Cenfi S, Lagomarsino A, Di Tizio A, Spina S, Grego S

WOOD-SOIL INTERACTIONS IN SOIL BIOENGINEERING SLOPE STABILIZATION WORKS

Abstract: In this work we propose the use of soil quality indicators with the aim of assessing the environmental impact of soil bioengineering works. This study was carried out in central Italy where soil bioengineering slope stabilization works were established using chestnut wood. In particular the goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of a wood-effect, that is changes of soil properties due to the presence of decomposing logs in two sites characterized by different time span since works setting up. The presence of the logs did not affect soil physico-chemical properties. Conversely, soil biochemical properties such as soil microbial biomass, basal and cumulative respiration activities as well as microbial indexes, were influenced by the presence of the logs confirming the role of these bioindicators as early predictors of changes occurring in soil. Although a general positive trend was observed for the biochemical properties at both sites with respect to the control soils, significant differences were recorded mainly at the site where works were established six years before soil sampling. Soil bioengineering slope stabilization works establish a positive feed-back which ultimately can benefit plants; in fact the increase in microbial mineralization activity can enhance nutrient cycling and thus promote adequate growth conditions for the plant cuttings used in the wooden-work.

Keywords: Wood decomposition, Microbial biomass, Microbial respiration, Soil quality, Soil bioengineering

iForest 2 (5): 187-191 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0513-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0513-002

Research Articles: Forest and tourism: economic evaluation and management features under sustainable multifunctionality

() — 2009-10-15

Gios G, Clauser O

FOREST AND TOURISM: ECONOMIC EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT FEATURES UNDER SUSTAINABLE MULTIFUNCTIONALITY

Abstract: The ways in which forests have been used and managed by man have been modified substantially over time in relation to both changes in the economic and social needs of communities and the visions of the world that these have embraced. In recent times, as regards the flows of utility guaranteed by forests, increasing interest has been focused on recreational aspects of the landscape. Such interest derives from both the importance, highlighted by numerous studies, of this aspect and its connection with tourism. The latter phenomenon is undergoing strong growth and is able to trigger important processes of local development. Within this framework, the present study advances some preliminary considerations on the relationships which, from the standpoint of sustainable local development, exist between possible types of tourism and alternative methods of forest management. To this end, it first explores some characteristics of the forest landscape and their possible economic evaluation, in the light of the attributes of excludability and rivalry in consumption. The study then discusses the possible economic role of tourism and the contribution that a suitable forest landscape can make to the sector’s development. Finally, it sets in context modes of forest management and alternative types of tourism development.

Keywords: Sustainable forest management, Tourism, Landscape, Public goods, Local development

iForest 2 (5): 192-197 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0514-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0514-002

Research Articles: Spatial and temporal changes of Hyrcanian forest in Iran

() — 2009-10-15

Poorzady M, Bakhtiari F

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES OF HYRCANIAN FOREST IN IRAN

Abstract: Original old-growth northern forests of Iran are essential sources of genetic variation, biodiversity, commercial woody products, and various environmental services (e.g., ground water reservation, auxiliary forest products provision, wildlife habitation, and erosion control). Today, the forests are depleting rapidly due to population growth, and associated socio-economic problems, industrial development, urbanism, and more recently intensive/irregular tourism. Satellite image processing and other geo-spatial tools have been used in Iran from the early 80’s to map the vegetative attributes of forests for environmental resource monitoring. This paper aims to build up a basic assumption of when and how the spectral, spatial and temporal features of satellite-borne remote sensing have been applied for the sustainable resource monitoring of the Caspian forests of Iran. To this end, available literature will be reviewed, specific features of the studies discussed in brief, and the future prospects for remote sensing-aided delineation of structural and functional characteristics of the forests will be outlined.

Keywords: Iranian Caspian forests, Natural resource monitoring and management, Remote Sensing, Satellite-borne image analysis

iForest 2 (5): 198-206 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0515-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0515-002

Editorials: Adaptation of forest landscape to environmental changes

() — 2009-07-30

Scarascia-Mugnozza G

ADAPTATION OF FOREST LANDSCAPE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Abstract: The 2008 Scientific Seminar of the European Forest Institute was held in Orvieto (Italy) in September 18-20, with the aim of improving the knowledge and exchange of research results in the following fields: (1) relationship between ecological functions (productivity, biogeochemical cycles, genetic biodiversity) at the landscape scale; (2) landscape management tools for environmental amelioration and restoration as planting trees, forest and agroforestry, that are also relevant for the agro-environmental measures of the New Agricultural Policy of the EU and Forest Action Plan; (3) valuation of various forest-related functions, with special emphasis on forest tourism.

Keywords: Ecological functions, Landascape management, Agroforestry, Forest tourism

iForest 2 (4): 127 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0509-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0509-002

Review Papers: Landscape genetics of fragmented forests: anticipating climate change by facilitating migration

() — 2009-07-30

Smulders MJM, Cobben MMP, Arens P, Verboom J

LANDSCAPE GENETICS OF FRAGMENTED FORESTS: ANTICIPATING CLIMATE CHANGE BY FACILITATING MIGRATION

Abstract: Habitat fragmentation is a threat to the survival of species and causes population decline, as isolated populations are more susceptible to demographic and genetic stochasticity. This can be compensated for by sufficient spatial connectivity between habitat patches to allow dispersal of individuals among populations. In that case such a network of populations may effectively form a metapopulation. In this paper we discuss some aspects of metapopulation theory, notably with respect to maintaining genetic diversity in fragmented forest patches. In addition we will discuss recent studies that explore ways for forest management to anticipate and mitigate the expected climate change, in relation to range shifts and colonisation opportunities.

Keywords: Genetic diversity, Management, Connectivity, Habitat fragmentation

iForest 2 (4): 128-132 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0505-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0505-002

Research Articles: Payments for forest environmental services: organisational models and related experiences in Italy

() — 2009-07-30

Gatto P, Pettenella D, Secco L

PAYMENTS FOR FOREST ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: ORGANISATIONAL MODELS AND RELATED EXPERIENCES IN ITALY

Abstract: In the last decades, with the rapid structural changes in society and in consumers’ attitudes at both global and local scale, forest landowners and managers are facing a complex and multi-faceted demand, in which the role of forest services - recreation, landscape, biodiversity, C-sequestration amongst others - has become increasingly important. New forest policy tools are therefore required to create or consolidate the shift in forest management from the traditional production function towards more multi-stakeholders and multi-functional goals. On the basis of the existing theoretical background and by means of three explanatory-exploratory case-studies chosen amongst the few experiences present in Italy, the paper seeks to analyse the potentials and challenges in different organisational PES models applied to the provision of forest services in the country, with a special focus on tourism-related environmental services. The analysis shows that the markets for the various forest services have different drivers, sizes and levels of maturity. Performances in effectiveness, efficiency and equity are also highly variable. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for new private and mixed private-public initiatives need therefore to be further explored before assessing the true potential for implementing PES in Italy.

Keywords: Payments for environmental services, Market-based instruments, Forests, Italy

iForest 2 (4): 133-139 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0504-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0504-002

Short Communications: The Polish landscape changing due to forest policy and forest management

() — 2009-07-30

Mederski PS, Jakubowski M, Karaszewski Z

THE POLISH LANDSCAPE CHANGING DUE TO FOREST POLICY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of policy application in Poland affecting landscape and forest management changes designed for an ecological restoration. “Ecological” policy was introduced in Poland in 1991 (Bill on Forests) and 1995-1999 (Decree 11 and 11A). To analyse the effectiveness of the policy and its impact on landscape change, the study uses five selected indicators: 1) species distribution, 2) methods of final felling, 3) forest functions in terms of protection and economic role, 4) cost structure and 5) wood production. The analysis shows that some of the ecological ideas were applied years before official documents were issued: species composition change, in favour of broadleaves has been carried out since 1945; since 1975, considerable growth in protective areas has been observed, doubling from 22.5 to 47.5% by 2006; timber resources have also grown by 50% in the last 35 years. After 1991, when the new policy was introduced, change in these indicators was more rapid. More direct and visible examples of policy applications in the last 15 years are observed in 1) the reduction of clearcuts: in 2005 this was at its lowest level in comparison with the previous 15 years and amounted to 19.9%; 2) the focus on protection: the cost of forest and fire protection in 2006 was the third largest expense in the State Forests budget, special attention was paid to reconstruction in order to increase water retention, 3) the afforestation process: this has doubled in intensity in the last decade compared with the previous decade. Nevertheless, organised landscape change is also accompanied by natural calamities, of which fires and windbreaks are most severe.

Keywords: Landscape change, Forest policy, Ecological restoration

iForest 2 (4): 140-142 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0503-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0503-002

Review Papers: Avoidance by early flushing: a new perspective on Dutch elm disease research

() — 2009-07-30

Ghelardini L, Santini A

AVOIDANCE BY EARLY FLUSHING: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON DUTCH ELM DISEASE RESEARCH

Abstract: European elms (Ulmus glabra Huds., Ulmus laevis Pall. and Ulmus minor Mill.) have been severely damaged and are still endangered by an alien hypervirulent pathogen, Ophiostoma ulmi s. l., agent of the Dutch elm disease (DED). Consequently, several ex situ clone collections have been established throughout Europe for elm breeding and conservation. In this paper we summarise the studies carried out within the EU project RESGEN CT96-78, which launched the EU-coordinated evaluation of these collections. Our aim was to analyse the variation in timing of bud burst and to acquire basic knowledge on the environmental control of this adaptive trait in European elms, under the hypothesis that DED susceptibility is related to spring phenology. The variation in the bud burst date of European elms among collections and years was explained by a phenological model assuming that the thermal time required for bud burst decreases exponentially with increasing chilling during winter down to a level where chilling requirement is fully met. According to the fitted curves, European elms have low dormancy and short chilling requirement for dormancy release. Although no simulation was performed, on the basis of the model applied we can hypothesise that under climate warming elms would flush earlier in most of Europe. The bud burst date was directly related to latitude and elevation in U. minor. The order of bud burst of clones from different origins was stable among years. The observed geographic trends were largely determined by differences in chilling requirements that increased with latitude and elevation. Susceptibility to DED varied greatly within U. minor and was directly correlated with geographic origin and bud burst date, southern and early flushing clones showing the least symptoms. Our results suggest that early flushing represents a mechanism of disease avoidance owing to asynchrony between host’s susceptible period and time of natural infection by DED vectors (Scolytus). This escape mechanism, combined with true resistance and avoidance owing to unattractiveness for the vector’s feeding, might be exploited for breeding DED-resistant clones of indigenous species.

Keywords: Bud burst phenology, DED, Disease escape, Elm, Ulmus, Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis

iForest 2 (4): 143-153 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0508-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0508-002

Research Articles: Assessing water quality by remote sensing in small lakes: the case study of Monticchio lakes in southern Italy

() — 2009-07-30

Mancino G, Nolè A, Urbano V, Amato M, Ferrara A

ASSESSING WATER QUALITY BY REMOTE SENSING IN SMALL LAKES: THE CASE STUDY OF MONTICCHIO LAKES IN SOUTHERN ITALY

Abstract: In order to investigate bio-physical parameters associated with water quality, a model based on calibrated and atmospherically corrected Remotely Sensed data has been implemented. Secchi Disk depth and chlorophyll concentration parameters were estimated in a system of very small lakes at Monticchio (Italy) using Landsat TM data. The model was developed through the use of stepwise multiple regression and gave high coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.82 for Secchi Disk and R2 = 0.72 for chlorophyll). Values for water transparency were strongly correlated with chlorophyll a concentration: a linear relationship between the two parameters showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.93). The case study shows that the application of this approach on lakes with a small surface area, such as the Monticchio lakes in Southern Italy, is effective and the developed model well describes the water quality parameters.

Keywords: Water quality, Landsat, chlorophyll, Secchi Disk transparency, Remote Sensing, Monticchio Lakes

iForest 2 (4): 154-161 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0507-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0507-002

Commentaries & Perspectives: The genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation: the case of forests

() — 2009-06-10

Piotti A

THE GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION: THE CASE OF FORESTS

Abstract: Habitat fragmentation is one of the most serious threats to plant biodiversity at the within-population level. Growing attention on the genetic effects of habitat fragmentation is reflected in the 2008 publication of several review papers. In general, fragmentation showed a negative effect on the genetic variability of plant populations. However, for forest trees the genetic signal of fragmentation seems less clear. Here I discuss the development of less explored issues that can help to clarify some unresolved questions about tree responses to fragmentation. In particular, the understudied effect of delay in sexual maturity and the need for accurate estimates of gene flow are taken into account. I finally underline the potential role of the Italian peninsula as an open-sky laboratory for forest fragmentation studies.

Keywords: Conservation genetics, Range limits, Genetic diversity, Gene flow

iForest 2 (3): 75-76 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0496-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0496-002

Research Articles: Establishment of a planted field with Mediterranean shrubs in Sardinia and its evaluation for climate mitigation and to combat desertification in semi-arid regions

() — 2009-06-10

De Dato GD, Loperfido L, De Angelis P, Valentini R

ESTABLISHMENT OF A PLANTED FIELD WITH MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBS IN SARDINIA AND ITS EVALUATION FOR CLIMATE MITIGATION AND TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS

Abstract: Forested areas are important in arid and semi-arid regions primarily to combat desertification, but also to increase carbon sinks. To reverse the land degradation processes, restoration in the Mediterranean Basin had been frequently obtained by planting indigenous and exotic conifers, but it has been demonstrated that shrubs are nurse species for tree seedlings. Furthermore, planting indigenous shrubs is more efficient than allochthonous in restoring degraded soils. The aims of this work were: 1) to illustrate an experimental area in Sardinia used as a test-site to build up afforestation and reforestation activities in arid and semi-arid areas with autochthonous shrub species; 2) to show the results on plant survival and biomass one year after plantation trying to explain the role of different densities and specific compositions; 3) to hypothesize some trends of C accumulation of this “artificial” Mediterranean semi-arid shrubland by comparison with data found in the literature. The area is located in North West Sardinia, and is characterized by a Mediterranean climate. The revegetation was set up in February 2006, planting local species (Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacia lentiscus and Rosmarinus officinalis). Three densities and three specific compositions (monospecific plots with P. lentiscus, monospecific plots with J. phoenicea and mixed plots with the three cited species) were combined. One month after plantation, almost all plants were alive, but mortality increased after summer, independently of the treatments, likely due to summer drought. During the first year, no differences among the densities and the specific compositions were observed. Total above-ground biomass was in the range of 0.8-3.0 g m-2. Below-ground biomass was in the range of 0.9-1.7 g m-2. A significant lower biomass was measured in October, especially in the Pistacia plots. Higher densities and plant mixing seemed to better perform, allowing establishment of species with a strong pioneer behaviour and aridity resistant characteristics. Data collection on initial conditions and recurrent monitorings will be basic for evaluating in the long term the potential positive effects on C stock and on biodiversity of afforestation activities in arid and semi-arid areas.

Keywords: C stock, Mediterranean shrubland, Restoration

iForest 2 (3): 77-84 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0498-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0498-002

Research Articles: The recreational valuation of a natural forest park using travel cost method in Iran

() — 2009-06-10

Sohrabi Saraj B, Yachkaschi A, Oladi D, Fard Teimouri S, Latifi H

THE RECREATIONAL VALUATION OF A NATURAL FOREST PARK USING TRAVEL COST METHOD IN IRAN

Abstract: One of the most important benefits of a forest, which can be considered over the revenue yielded from timber and other wood based products, is the recreational benefits for visitors. Considering the novelty and necessity of evaluating bio-environmental economics of forest parks in developing countries such as Iran, the present study will focus on the evaluation of the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for a northern Iranian Forest park (Abbas Abad-Behshahr as a case study) utilizing one of the worldwide common methods of evaluation (Travel Cost Method). Based on the method, the park was considered as the centre of the fivefold region as concentric circles. The number of visitors was determined using questionnaires and the park’s value was determined by estimation of the visitors access cost using Travel Cost Method. Furthermore, the economic value extracted timber products of the neighbouring forestry plan was reckoned. The calculated factor was then compared to the economic value of the park. As a result, the park’s recreational value was judged to be much more than produced timber values. Therefore, it is concluded that the unparalleled natural, historical and bio-environmental values of the park would be preserved by planning an appropriate and well- programmed management system, considering the unique conditions of the Park. Thus, it can fulfil the recreational requirements of the people in the local/national scale.

Keywords: Recreational evaluation, Abbas Abad Forest Park, Travel Cost Method (TCM), Willingness to Pay (WTP)

iForest 2 (3): 85-92 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0497-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0497-002

Research Articles: Community based forest management and its impact on vegetation: a case study

() — 2009-06-10

Kumar P, Hate S, Chaturvedi A

COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON VEGETATION: A CASE STUDY

Abstract: The main focus of this case study was to reveal richness, uniqueness and economic importance of the minor forest producing species (MFPs). International Forest Resources and Institutions (IFRI) techniques were used to collect biophysical information pertaining to forest, vegetation and socio economy of dwellers. Ninety plots were demarcated to represent all types of vegetation and linked to social and institutional parameters. The regeneration status of the plant species was correlated to different resource utilization management practices, which includes harvesting practices as well as associated anthropogenic disturbances. The present paper tries to relate the usage of minor forest produces and its reflection on richness and diversity of the ecosystem. With above objects in mind, this paper brings out the role of community forest management and its impact on vegetation and sustainable development of aboriginals based on successive field work from three villages, Markegaon, Devulgaon and Ranvahi of Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra, India. An attempt has been made to develop a model for sustainable development and management of minor forest producing species.

Keywords: Sustainable development, Minor forest produces, Conservation of biodiversity, Community forestry, Forest analysis

iForest 2 (3): 93-98 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0490-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0490-002

Research Articles: Fuel moisture sampling and modeling in Pinus elliottii Engelm. plantations based on weather conditions in Paraná - Brazil

() — 2009-06-10

Alves MVG, Batista AC, Soares RV, Ottaviano M, Marchetti M

FUEL MOISTURE SAMPLING AND MODELING IN PINUS ELLIOTTII ENGELM. PLANTATIONS BASED ON WEATHER CONDITIONS IN PARANá - BRAZIL

Abstract: Fuel moisture content is essential to estimate several fire behavior variables. The objective of the present study was to estimate fuel moisture through meteorological variables. The field materials used for this purpose were the accumulated needles found on the ground of a Pinus elliottii Engelm. plantation of the Federal University of Paraná Experimental Station, located in Rio Negro county, Paraná State, southern Brazil (26º04’S lat., 49º45’W long.). To determine fuel moisture content, two sampling methods were tested: the first method consisted in collecting samples of fuel in plastic baskets and subsequently weighing them approximately every two hours, while the second method consisted in collecting, approximately every two hours, a series of different samples directly from the forest floor, and weighing them. All the samples collected on site were then oven dried for moisture determination. Comparing both methods, it was found that the best results were obtained using the samples collected directly from the forest floor and that the best fitting equation included air temperature and wind speed.

Keywords: Forest fire, Forest plantation, Pine, Modeling

iForest 2 (3): 99-103 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0489-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0489-002

Editorials: Workshop COST E52 “Evaluation of beech genetic resources for sustainable forestry”

() — 2009-06-10

Giannini R, von Wühlisch G

WORKSHOP COST E52 “EVALUATION OF BEECH GENETIC RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY”

Abstract: The main objective of the COST Action E52 “Evaluation of Beech Genetic Resources for Sustainable Forestry” is to make predictions of the future distribution range of beech forest ecosystems under the assumption of certain scenarios of climate change, based on the analysis of the reaction pattern of European beech populations of defined origin (progenies of natural beech stands) under changed climate situations in sets of pan European field trials. The results obtained will facilitate the joint evaluation of the genetic resources of beech for better economic utilization under observation of the requirements for a sustainable forest management. The MC5 and WGs meeting of the COST Action E52 has been held from the 17th to the 19th of April, 2008, in Florence (Italy). During this workshop oral presentations on beech have been given, and a selection of them is reported in the current issue of this journal.

Keywords: Fagus sylvatica, Climate change, Provenance trials, Genetic variability

iForest 2 (3): 104 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0500-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0500-002

Review Papers: Structure and management of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Italy

() — 2009-06-10

Nocentini S

STRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA L.) FORESTS IN ITALY

Abstract: Beech forests characterise the landscape of many mountain areas in Italy, from the Alps to the southern regions. This paper analyses the relationship between stand structure and the management history of beech in Italy. The aim is to outline possible strategies for the sustainable management of these forest formations. The present structure of beech forests in Italy is the result of many interacting factors. According to the National Forest Inventory, more than half the total area covered by beech has a long history of coppicing. High forests cover 34% of the total beech area and 13% have complex structures which have not been classified in regular types. Coppices are very widespread mainly because of the past, but also present importance of firewood and charcoal for mountain populations. A particular type of beech coppice, the selection coppice (or uneven aged coppice), was traditional in Tuscany and in some alpine areas. Starting from the fifties, following the widespread use of other low cost energy sources and the depopulation of mountain areas, many beech coppices have been progressively abandoned. Forest policies have been increasingly directed to favouring beech coppice conversion to high forests, which are considered more productive and ecologically more functional. Beech high forests have a very interesting management history which is a very good example of the separation between classical forest management, i.e., forest management systems defined by “scientific forestry”, described in text books and usually prescribed in forest regulation plans, and real life forest management, i.e., how forests have been, and mostly still are, actually managed. The analysis of the management history of beech high forests in Italy shows that management systems which favour simplified stand structure and composition according to rigid, predetermined models have been rarely applied. However, the traditional silviculture of beech stands in Southern Italy, based on the opening of very small gaps organized in time and space according to the different situations and to the reactions of the stand, can provide an example for a sustainable approach.

Keywords: Sustainable forest management, Coppice, Gaps, Traditional silviculture, Continuous cover forestry

iForest 2 (3): 105-113 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0499-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0499-002

Research Articles: Effects of abiotic stress on gene transcription in European beech: ozone affects ethylene biosynthesis in saplings of Fagus sylvatica L.

() — 2009-06-10

Betz GA, Gerstner E, Olbrich M, Winkler JB, Langebartels C, Heller W, Sandermann H, Ernst D

EFFECTS OF ABIOTIC STRESS ON GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN EUROPEAN BEECH: OZONE AFFECTS ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS IN SAPLINGS OF FAGUS SYLVATICA L.

Abstract: The influence of ozone (150-190 nl L-1; 8h/d) on transcription levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the stress hormone ethylene, and its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), was analysed in leaves of European beech saplings. Ozone-induced leaf lesions appeared 7 weeks after onset of ozone exposure. Cell lesion formation was preceded by persistent increases in ethylene emission, in the level of its malonylated precursor ACC, and in the transcript levels of specific ACC synthase 1 (ACS1), ACS2, ACC oxidase 1 (ACO1), and ACO2. Our results demonstrate that mechanisms similar to those operating in herbaceous plants may determine beech saplings responses to ozone exposure.

Keywords: Abiotic stress, Ethylene biosynthesis, Fagus sylvatica, Gene expression, Ozone

iForest 2 (3): 114-118 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0495-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0495-002

Research Articles: Identification and molecular characterization of LTR and LINE retrotransposable elements in Fagus sylvatica L.

() — 2009-06-10

Emiliani G, Paffetti D, Giannini R

IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LTR AND LINE RETROTRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN FAGUS SYLVATICA L.

Abstract: Retrotransposable elements are important and peculiar genetic components derived from ancient retrovirus insertion inside plants genome. Their ability to move and/or replicate inside the genome is an important evolutionary force, responsible for the increase of genome size and the regulation of gene expression. Retrotransposable elements are well characterized in model or crop species like Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, but are poorly known in forest tree species. In this paper the molecular identification of retrotransposable elements in Fagus sylvatica L. is reported. Two retrotransposons, belonging to the two major classes of LTR and non-LTR elements, were characterized trough a SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) strategy. The analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple copies of retrotransposable elements inside the genome of beech, in accordance with the viral quasi-species theory of retrotransposon evolution. The cloning and sequencing of amplification products and a Cleaved Amplified Polymorphisms (CAPs) approach on the identified retrotransposons, showed a high level of diversity among the multiple copies of both elements. The identification of retrotransposable elements in forest trees represents an important step toward the understanding of mechanisms of genome evolution. Furthermore, the high polymorphism of retrotransposable elements can represent a starting point for the development of new genetic variability markers.

Keywords: Fagus sylvatica, Retrotransposons, Genome evolution, Genetic diversity

iForest 2 (3): 119-126 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0501-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0501-002

Editorials: Change is in the air: future challenges for applied forest research

() — 2009-03-18

Tognetti R, Cherubini P

CHANGE IS IN THE AIR: FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR APPLIED FOREST RESEARCH

Abstract: Forests provide a wide range of benefits to people. Forest plantations on former agricultural land for commercial and restoration purposes may enhance ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. Incorporating these ecosystem services into resource management decisions is of paramount importance. Efforts towards the sustainable management of forest ecosystems for climate change mitigation give opportunities to establish a new relationship between researchers and forests. Growing and competing demands for food, biomass, timber, and environmental services is posing severe challenges to effective forest governance, considering the impact of global change. However, tree plantations can hardly match biological diversity and structural attributes of the original forest cover, which warrants for future sustainable mitigation through forest activities.

Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, Carbon sequestration, Climate change mitigation, Forest management

iForest 2 (2): 56-58 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0492-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0492-002

Research Articles: Testing a dual isotope model to track carbon and water gas exchanges in a Mediterranean forest

() — 2009-03-18

Ripullone F, Guerrieri MR, Saurer M, Siegwolf R, Jäggi M, Guarini R, Magnani F

TESTING A DUAL ISOTOPE MODEL TO TRACK CARBON AND WATER GAS EXCHANGES IN A MEDITERRANEAN FOREST

Abstract: Due to climate change, drier summers have been observed over the last ten years in Mediterranean areas. Increasing drought levels may have a different weight in influencing the stomatal versus photosynthetic activity of forests, altering the water-use efficiency (i.e., WUE, the amount of carbon gain per water lost) and, consequently, the global carbon balance. By combining leaf gas exchanges and leaf carbon/oxygen isotope measurements, we tested under Mediterranean conditions a semi-quantitative dual isotope model to track adjustments in stomatal conductance (gs) and maximum CO2 assimilation at saturating light (Amax) in response to changes in air and soil water availability. The experiment was established at Allumiere site (Rome, Italy) over the course of two consecutive years. There, we modified the amount of precipitation reaching the soil on water depleted (D) and watered (W) replicate plots (~100 m2) of an Arbutus unedo L. forest using a system of rain gutters and sprinklers, respectively. Changes in soil water availability affected gs and Amax in parallel. As an application of the model, we found that, in response to reduced air and soil water availability, constant carbon (δ13C) and increasing oxygen (δ18O) isotope values were consistent with a parallel decline of either gs and Amax. As a result of parallel decline, WUE did not differ or only slightly differed between treatments, in contrast with most of the studies that found a wide-spread increase of WUE in response to enhanced drought. This study highlights the potentiality of the dual isotope model to provide insights of forest ecosystem functioning in Mediterranean environments.

Keywords: Carbon assimilation, Drought, Isotope model, Arbutus unedo, Stomatal conductance, Water-use efficiency

iForest 2 (2): 59-66 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0491-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0491-002

Research Articles: Background, main results and conclusions from a test phase for biodiversity assessments on intensive forest monitoring plots in Europe

() — 2009-03-18

Fischer R, Granke O, Chirici G, Meyer P, Seidling W, Stofer S, Corona P, Marchetti M, Travaglini D

BACKGROUND, MAIN RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS FROM A TEST PHASE FOR BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTS ON INTENSIVE FOREST MONITORING PLOTS IN EUROPE

Abstract: The Forest Biodiversity Test phase Assessments (ForestBIOTA) project was carried out on 97 intensive monitoring plots located in 12 European countries. It aimed at the development and test implementation of monitoring methods for forest biodiversity across Europe. More specifically it covered the fields of (i) stand structure, (ii) forest deadwood, (iii) ground vegetation and (iv) epiphytic lichens. A forest type classification was applied in addition. The project took into account policy requirements stated by a number of political processes and institutions including the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Ministerial Conference for the Protection of Forests in Europe, the Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference and the European Union. Whereas detailed results of the assessments are presented in additional publications (Stofer et al. 2007, in prep, Meyer et al. 2007, submitted), this paper draws a number of general conclusions and gives recommendations for future development of forest biodiversity monitoring in Europe.

Keywords: Stand structure, Deadwood, Lichens, Vegetation, Forest types, Forest monitoring, ICP Forests, ForestBIOTA

iForest 2 (2): 67-74 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0493-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0493-002

Review Papers: Biodiversity assessment in forests - from genetic diversity to landscape diversity

() — 2009-01-21

Granke O, Kenter B, Kriebitzsch WU, Köhl M, Köhler R, Olschofsky K

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT IN FORESTS - FROM GENETIC DIVERSITY TO LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

Abstract: Assessing biodiversity in forests requires a reliable and sustainable monitoring concept, which must include all levels of diversity, the genetic, the species and the landscape level. Diversity studies should not be reduced to quantitative analysis, but qualitative interpretations are an important part for the understanding of the results. Also, the linkage of terrestrial data and remote sensing data as well the implementation of abiotic and biotic data collected on existing monitoring systems are useful sources to analyse cause-effect relationships and interactions between the different aspects of diversity.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Monitoring, Remote sensing, Habitat modelling, Beech provenances

iForest 2 (1): 1-3 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0474-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0474-002

Research Articles: Growth patterns of forest stands - the response towards pollutants and climatic impact

() — 2009-01-21

Beck W

GROWTH PATTERNS OF FOREST STANDS - THE RESPONSE TOWARDS POLLUTANTS AND CLIMATIC IMPACT

Abstract: Dendroecological analysis of tree and stand growth patterns is discussed as an appropriate tool to quantify response of a forest stand to changing environmental factors, and evidence is provided that the response of trees to current environmental influences can be traced by high resolution measurements of diameter increment.

Keywords: Dendroecology, Growth response, Autocorrelation, Sensitivity

iForest 2 (1): 4-6 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0472-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0472-002

Research Articles: Modelling the carbon budget of intensive forest monitoring sites in Germany using the simulation model BIOME-BGC

() — 2009-01-21

Jochheim H, Puhlmann M, Beese F, Berthold D, Einert P, Kallweit R, Konopatzky A, Meesenburg H, Meiwes K-J, Raspe S, Schulte-Bisping H, Schulz C

MODELLING THE CARBON BUDGET OF INTENSIVE FOREST MONITORING SITES IN GERMANY USING THE SIMULATION MODEL BIOME-BGC

Abstract: It is shown that by calibrating the simulation model BIOME-BGC with mandatory and optional Level II data, within the ICP Forest programme, a well-founded calculation of the carbon budget of forest stands is achievable and, based on succeeded calibration, the modified BIOME-BGC model is a useful tool to assess the effect of climate change on forest ecosystems.

Keywords: Monitoring, Carbon budget, Modelling, Climate change

iForest 2 (1): 7-10 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0475-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0475-002

Research Articles: Deposition measurements and critical loads calculations: monitoring data, results and perspective

() — 2009-01-21

Lorenz M, Granke O

DEPOSITION MEASUREMENTS AND CRITICAL LOADS CALCULATIONS: MONITORING DATA, RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVE

Abstract: This paper presents the variation of sulphur and nitrogen deposition and the exceedance of their critical loads on Level II ICP Forests plots. The fact that critical loads are still exceeded at many forest sites in Europe indicates a continuing need for further implementation of air pollution abatement strategies. Such results contribute to the scientific basis for the development and reviews of the effectiveness of clean air politics by the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

Keywords: Forest monitoring, deposition, nitrogen, sulphur, critical loads

iForest 2 (1): 11-14 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0478-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0478-002

Research Articles: Ozone fumigation effects on the morphology and biomass of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) saplings

() — 2009-01-21

Serafinaviciute B, Stakenas V

OZONE FUMIGATION EFFECTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOMASS OF NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES L.) SAPLINGS

Abstract: The study examined Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings morphological and biomass sensitivity to ozone fumigation using closed indoor chambers of controlled environment. 4-year-old potted saplings were exposed to three different ozone concentrations: 80 µg/m3, 160 µg/m3, and 240 µg/m3 (7 h/day, 5 days/week). Half of the saplings were harvested after the exposure, and the second half of the saplings were left in the pots in open field until next autumn. The reaction of the saplings of different timing of bud burst was also investigated. The terminal shoot length and the total current year shoot length of Norway spruce saplings after one month of ozone fumigation were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed in all the treatments comparing to the control saplings. The needles of saplings fumigated with ozone were smaller than the needles of control saplings. No significant changes of the biomass of different fractions of Norway spruce saplings were determined right after the fumigation, as well as, in 14 month after the cessation of the fumigation. Norway spruce saplings of early and late timing of bud burst reacted differently to ozone fumigation during the active growth period. The formation of new needles and shoots of the saplings of late bud burst stage was more suppressed comparing to the saplings of the early bud burst stage. The results suggest that the generatively younger organs during their formation are more susceptible to ozone stress. The differences of the needle age between ozone affected and control saplings decreased in one year after the end of fumigation keeping affected Norway spruce saplings in the open field and thus indicating the start of the recovery process.

Keywords: Ozone fumigation, Norway spruce saplings, Shoot morphology, Biomass

iForest 2 (1): 15-18 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0483-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0483-002

Short Communications: Effective monitoring as a basis for adaptive management: a case history of mountain pine beetle in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem whitebark pine

() — 2009-01-21

Logan JA, Macfarlane WW, Willcox L

EFFECTIVE MONITORING AS A BASIS FOR ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT: A CASE HISTORY OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE IN GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM WHITEBARK PINE

Abstract: With reference to massive outbreaks of a variety of bark beetles occurring across the forests of western North America, it is stressed that an accurate assessment of the extent of the problem is the first step toward formulating effective adaptive management strategies. This assessment will only be possible through a coordinated effort that combines all available technologies, that is an approach that builds on satellite image analysis, aerial survey from fixed-wing aircraft, and on the ground observation and measurement.

Keywords: Mountain pine beetle, Whitebark pine, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Global warming, Disturbance ecology

iForest 2 (1): 19-22 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0477-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0477-002

Short Communications: Hydrology, element budgets, acidification, nutrient N in a climate change perspective for the northern forest region

() — 2009-01-21

Lundin L

HYDROLOGY, ELEMENT BUDGETS, ACIDIFICATION, NUTRIENT N IN A CLIMATE CHANGE PERSPECTIVE FOR THE NORTHERN FOREST REGION

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential impact of climate change on element budgets and acidity in northern forest ecosystems. A catchment approach should provide the most appropriate unit and to be investigated in several spatial scales. Future monitoring has also to address tree composition, forestry activities, follow the soil organic matter storage and include changes in hydrology with episodic extremes.

Keywords: Acidification, Forest land, Hydrology, Nitrogen, Organic substances

iForest 2 (1): 23-25 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0479-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0479-002

Short Communications: QA/QC activities and ecological monitoring in the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET)

() — 2009-01-21

Sase H, Nakayama S, Leong CP, Kamisako M, Luangjame J, Garivait H, Visaratana T, Kietvuttinon B, Ueda H

QA/QC ACTIVITIES AND ECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE ACID DEPOSITION MONITORING NETWORK IN EAST ASIA (EANET)

Abstract: An overview is presented of Quality assurance/Quality control QA/QC activities and current features of the ecological monitoring in the frame of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia EANET. It is stressed that standardization of the methodologies applicable for new topics, such as the catchment analysis and ozone impacts, should be investigated for future monitoring.

Keywords: EANET, Acid deposition, Soil monitoring, Catchment, Ozone

iForest 2 (1): 26-29 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0481-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0481-002

Short Communications: Dynamic modelling of target loads of acidifying deposition for forest ecosystems in Flanders (Belgium)

() — 2009-01-21

Staelens J, Neirynck J, Genouw G, Roskams P

DYNAMIC MODELLING OF TARGET LOADS OF ACIDIFYING DEPOSITION FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN FLANDERS (BELGIUM)

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine target loads for acidification for representative forest ecosystems in Flanders (Belgium) using dynamic modelling. Target loads were calculated for 83 forest stands for which sufficient measurements were available. This dataset is considered to be representative for the Flemish forest area. It is concluded that, despite the inherent uncertainty in modelling soil acidification at a regional level, important N and S deposition reductions are needed to allow recovery of the Flemish forest soils.

Keywords: Acidifying deposition, Critical load, Ecosystem recovery, VSD model, Target load

iForest 2 (1): 30-33 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0484-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0484-002

Short Communications: Ozone flux modelling for risk assessment: status and research needs

() — 2009-01-21

Tuovinen J-P

OZONE FLUX MODELLING FOR RISK ASSESSMENT: STATUS AND RESEARCH NEEDS

Abstract: In this paper, some shortcomings involved in the modelling of ozone fluxes in the context of local-scale risk assessment are discussed, especially as related to the data collected within the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). An enhanced monitoring strategy, that would provide a sounder basis for the development, validation and application of risk assessment modelling tools, is also suggested.

Keywords: Ozone, Dose, Stomatal flux, Forests, Monitoring

iForest 2 (1): 34-37 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0485-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0485-002

Technical Reports: Means of combating forest dieback - EU support for maintaining forest health and vitality

() — 2009-01-21

Requardt A, Schuck A, Köhl M

MEANS OF COMBATING FOREST DIEBACK - EU SUPPORT FOR MAINTAINING FOREST HEALTH AND VITALITY

Abstract: All EU Member States face economic and ecological losses due to forest damages. Thus, combating forest dieback, as for example caused by the effects of climate change, is a contribution to human safety and well-being and the sustainable development of Europe. At the EU level several efficient and well established policy instruments are developed and implemented, which contribute to the prevention, mitigation and control of forest dieback. The most important EU instruments in this context are the Rural Development Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/1999, replaced by the Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005) and the Forest Focus Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003, expired in 2006). The article reviews main EU policy and financial instruments and evaluates the feasibility of combating various causes of forest dieback in Europe.

Keywords: Forest dieback, EU policy, Financial support, Prevention, Mitigation, Control

iForest 2 (1): 38-42 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0480-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0480-002

Short Communications: The importance of forest type when incorporating forest edge deposition in the evaluation of critical load exceedance

() — 2009-01-21

Wuyts K, De Schrijver A, Verheyen K

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST TYPE WHEN INCORPORATING FOREST EDGE DEPOSITION IN THE EVALUATION OF CRITICAL LOAD EXCEEDANCE

Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of the effect of incorporating edge deposition in the evaluation of critical load exceedance in forests, taking into account pollutant type, meteorological conditions, edge orientation, and forest type. In particular we have calculated critical load exceedance in five Flemish regions differing in forest fragmentation extent and/or share of coniferous forest.

Keywords: Forest edge, Edge effect, Exceedance of critical load, Forest type, Fragmentation

iForest 2 (1): 43-45 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0486-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0486-002

Short Communications: An approach to measuring biodiversity and its use in analysing the effect of nitrogen deposition on woodland butterfly populations in the Netherlands

() — 2009-01-21

Feest A, Spanos K

AN APPROACH TO MEASURING BIODIVERSITY AND ITS USE IN ANALYSING THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON WOODLAND BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS

Abstract: The current use of the term biodiversity is problematic in that it is frequently reduced to a paradigm of species richness through the interpretation of the CBD definition that identifies variability as the operative factor. Species richness actually conveys the least amount of information of all of the possible indices that could be used so a data treatment process has been established whereby taxonomic groups that have been sampled in a well-structured way can yield data that can be far more informative. An example using “biodiversity quality” indices for macrofungi following entry into a bespoke computer programme (Fungib) shows that these data can be established and they are capable of being assessed for statistical difference either between sites or over time. A case study showing how this approach can provide information on the mechanism whereby nitrogen deposition affects butterflies is given. It is clear that this approach can be of considerable use in establishing progress towards achieving the 2010 target of reducing the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010 established by the CBD.

Keywords: Biodiversity quality, Butterflies, Macrofungi, Nitrogen critical load

iForest 2 (1): 46-48 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0487-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0487-002

Commentaries & Perspectives: Clean air policy under the UNECE Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution: how are monitoring results “translated” to policy action

() — 2009-01-21

Johannessen T

CLEAN AIR POLICY UNDER THE UNECE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION: HOW ARE MONITORING RESULTS “TRANSLATED” TO POLICY ACTION

Abstract: Concerning clean air policy, under the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution, the following themes are discussed: the history of observed effects; the public awareness and concern for the ecosystem health; the current scientific evidence; the development of the critical load concept, and its application for an effects-based abatement policy.

Keywords: Air pollution, Convention LRTAP, Monitoring, Critical loads

iForest 2 (1): 49-50 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0476-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0476-002

Short Communications: Linking critical thresholds for acidity to forest condition by using element contents in tree rings: consequences for the development of an integrated ecosystem assessment

() — 2009-01-21

Augustin S

LINKING CRITICAL THRESHOLDS FOR ACIDITY TO FOREST CONDITION BY USING ELEMENT CONTENTS IN TREE RINGS: CONSEQUENCES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT

Abstract: In the frame of the International Co-operative Programme on the Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests, results are given here on the link of element fluxes through forests to Mn contents in tree rings in order to detect incipient soil acidification.

Keywords: Critical loads, Critical limits, Acidification, Soil chemistry, Tree rings

iForest 2 (1): 51-53 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0473-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0473-002

Editorials: Future monitoring and research needs for forest ecosystems in a changing environment: an introduction

() — 2009-01-21

Schaub M

FUTURE MONITORING AND RESEARCH NEEDS FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: AN INTRODUCTION

Abstract: In order to identify future monitoring and research needs, a COST Strategic workshop on the role of “Forest ecosystems in a changing environment” assembled nearly 180 scientists from 30 countries in Istanbul on 11-13 March 2008. The workshop specifically tackled the fields of climate change and forests, ozone, atmospheric deposition and critical loads, biodiversity, as well as quality assurance in forest monitoring.

Keywords: Climate change, Ozone, Atmospheric depositions, Critical loads

iForest 2 (1): 54-55 (2009) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0488-002
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0488-002

Editorials: Forest sciences in the world of tomorrow

() — 2008-11-25

Innes JL

FOREST SCIENCES IN THE WORLD OF TOMORROW

Abstract: The need is stressed for forest researchers to keep abreast of not only what is happening in their own fields, but also what is happening in related fields and in global forest policy. It is argued that this expansion of forest research will bring it in potential competition with allied sciences but, in the world of tomorrow, this integrative nature will actually be the strength of forest science.

Keywords: Forest research, Integrative nature, Global policy, Society, ValueDOI: 10.3832/ifor0468-0010140

iForest 1 (5): 140 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0468-0010140
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0468-0010140

Research Articles: Modeling the fine root biomass dispersion using a special influence function

() — 2008-11-25

Wälder O, Wälder K

MODELING THE FINE ROOT BIOMASS DISPERSION USING A SPECIAL INFLUENCE FUNCTION

Abstract: This paper presents a successful application of techniques from the adjustment theory for modeling interaction in fine root biomass dispersion. Using special distance and species dependent weightings the influence function for fine root biomass dispersion of two species is estimated. Using the estimated influence functions the fine root biomass is predicted at the locations where the real data was sampled. Goodness of fit of our model is evaluated by comparing sample values and predicted values. However, the results show successful coincidence between sampled and predicted values. Finally, we present an example for the root dispersion in a mixed stand of beeches and spruces in Saxony/Germany.

Keywords: Forest effects, fine root biomass, interaction, influence function

iForest 1 (5): 141-144 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0469-0010141
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0469-0010141

Research Articles: Long-term outcome of precommercial thinning on floristic diversity in north western New Brunswick, Canada

() — 2008-11-25

Cole HA, Newmaster SG, Lanteigne L, Pitt D

LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF PRECOMMERCIAL THINNING ON FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN NORTH WESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA

Abstract: The Green River spacing trials were established between 1959 and 1961 to study the long-term growth and development of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in response to precommercial thinning (PCT). Three nominal spacings (1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.4 m) and an unthinned control were applied in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates to regenerating stands, an average of 8 years after harvest. Our study examines floristic diversity associated with these treatments approximately four decades later. Floristic diversity was assessed with several alpha diversity indices as well as multivariate analysis to compare community composition. Specific a-priori contrasts compared plant diversity among a) control and average of the wider spacings (1.8 m and 2.4 m), b) control and the narrowest spacing (1.2 m), and c) the narrowest spacing and the widest spacing. Our results indicate that there were no appreciable differences among the treatments across all measures of plant diversity investigated. As such, we conclude that the forest understory, as represented by the unthinned plots, was analogous in the thinned plots at time of stand maturity. Vegetation response to PCT treatments is inconsistent in the published literature, but this can be attributed to differences in thinning intensities, recovery age or the type of forest ecosystem studied. We conclude that PCT is a variable silvicultural tool that could be used to attain both economic productivity and biodiversity conservation goals.

Keywords: biodiversity, forest ecology, precommercial thinning, silviculture, tree spacing, plant diversity

iForest 1 (5): 145-156 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0470-0010145
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0470-0010145

Research Articles: Total RNA extraction from strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) and several other woody-plants

() — 2008-08-27

Zamboni A, Pierantoni L, De Franceschi P

TOTAL RNA EXTRACTION FROM STRAWBERRY TREE (ARBUTUS UNEDO) AND SEVERAL OTHER WOODY-PLANTS

Abstract: Studies of plant gene expression today need pure preparations of high-yielding undegraded RNA. This is not easily accomplished when working with plants and tissues like strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) leaves that accumulate large amounts of polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds, which co-purify with RNA. An improved leaf-tissue protocol developed for gene expression studies on Arbutus unedo yields for the first time a purity of RNA extract that makes possible cDNA synthesis and qPCR analysis in this plant species. When tested on material considered recalcitrant (leaves, roots, fruit flesh, fruit peel and styles from Pyrus communis, Prunus avium, Prunus persica and Cydonia oblonga), the method was able to extract RNA with good yield and high purity. This scalable, phenol-free, fast and easy-to-use RNA extraction protocol is effective on Arbutus unedo leaves as well as on awide range of different species and tissues, thus resulting particularly useful for gene expression analysis in non-model species for molecular biology.

Keywords: Arbutus unedo, RNA extraction, Roots, Styles, Woody plants, Fruits

iForest 1 (4): 122-125 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0465-0010122
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0465-0010122

Research Articles: Performances of an expanding insect under elevated CO2 and snow cover in the Alps

() — 2008-08-27

Petrucco-Toffolo E, Battisti A

PERFORMANCES OF AN EXPANDING INSECT UNDER ELEVATED CO2 AND SNOW COVER IN THE ALPS

Abstract: Variations of phenology and distribution have been recently highlighted in numerous insect species and attributed to climate change, particularly the increase of temperature and atmospheric CO2. Both have been shown to have direct and indirect effects on insect species of various ecosystems, though the responses are often species-specific. The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) is an important pest of conifers in the Mediterranean region, and has been recently shown to expand its altitudinal range in the Alps, including the mountain pine Pinus mugo as a novel host. We had the opportunity to transplant colonies of the pine processionary moth to a high elevation site well outside of the current range of the insect (Stillberg, Davos, Switzerland, 2180 m), where trees of the mountain pine have been grown for five years under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (ca. 570 ppm). The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of first instar larvae to extreme conditions of temperature and to an altered performance induced by the change of host metabolism under elevated CO2. Larval mortality and relative growth rate did not differ between host trees grown in ambient or elevated CO2. As extended snow cover may be an important mortality factor of larval colonies on the dwarf trees of mountain pine, we tested the survival of colonies transplanted at two extreme sites of Eastern Alps. The snow cover extended over more than one month proved to be an important mortality factor of larval colonies on mountain pine. We concluded that the first instar larvae of the pine processionary moth are not concerned by unusually low temperature and CO2 increase whereas they can be later strongly affected by snow accumulation. The decrease of snow cover observed in the last decades, however, may reduce such a risk.

Keywords: Climate change, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Range expansion, Pinus

iForest 1 (4): 126-131 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0466-0010126
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0466-0010126

Research Articles: Predicting the effect of climate change on tree species abundance and distribution at a regional scale

() — 2008-08-27

Attorre F, Francesconi F, Scarnati L, De Sanctis M, Alfò M, Bruno F

PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TREE SPECIES ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION AT A REGIONAL SCALE

Abstract: The elaboration of conservation strategies at regional scale, dealing with the potential effects of climate change on the abundance and distribution of tree species, should be supported by models produced at the appropriate scale. We used a bioclimatic model aimed at analysing the large-scale effects of climate change on the abundance and distribution of tree species with respect to their chorological and ecological characteristics. Abundance data for 16 species, sampled in 912 plots, distributed on a 3x3 km grid were used. A climatic model provided high resolution current climatic surfaces and a climatic scenario for 2080 was obtained using the A1FI emission scenario of HadCM3 GCM. A deterministic Regression Tree Analysis (RTA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) were applied in order to define the realised niche of the species in relation to the chosen environmental variables. The comparison between RMSE values showed that RTA always outperforms MLR, in terms of predicting species distribution. Zonal species were better predicted than rare species (extrazonal or with specific habitat requirements). Climate change is expected to determine a general increase of the average potential altitude. Only the Mediterranean species are likely to be favoured by the predicted climate change, while for the two other chorological types (Sub-Mediterranean and Eurosiberian) the response seems to be species-specific, depending on the ecological characteristic of each species: the more thermophilous and xerophilous species should benefit from the predicted drought in terms of area and mean abundance, while mesophilous species should suffer a strong reduction.

Keywords: Climate change, Tree species, Central Italy, Potential distribution maps, Regional scale, Regression tree analysis

iForest 1 (4): 132-139 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0467-0010132
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0467-0010132

Technical Reports: Allometric biomass and carbon factors database

() — 2008-07-09

Somogyi Z, Teobaldelli M, Federici S, Matteucci G, Pagliari V, Grassi G, Seufert G

ALLOMETRIC BIOMASS AND CARBON FACTORS DATABASE

Abstract: The “Allometric, Biomass and Carbon factors” database (ABC factors database) was designed to facilitate the estimation of the biomass carbon stocks of forests in order to support the development and the verification of greenhouse gas inventories in the LULUCF sector (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry). The database contains several types of expansion, conversion and combined factors, by various tree species or species groups that can be used to calculate biomass or carbon of forests of Eurasian region from proxy variables (e.g., tree volume) that may come from forest inventories. In addition to the factors, and depending on the information that was available in the cited source, the database indicates: (1) the biomass compartments involved when the factor was developed; and (2) the possible applicability of the factor, e.g. by country or by ecological regions. The applicability of the factors is either suggested by the source itself, or the type of source (e.g. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report), or was based on the expert judgement by the compilers of the database. Finally, in order to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate of the data, the web-based interface provides the possibility to compare several factors that may come from different sources. The ABC factors database is freely available at the URL: http://afoludata.jrc.it/data_fs.cfm, in the web site AFOLU-DATA, funded and hosted by the Joint Research Centre (European Commission, DG-JRC).

Keywords: Greenhouse Gas Inventory, LULUCF, AFOLU, Climate Change, Forest Inventory, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, BEF, Database

iForest 1 (3): 107-113 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0463-0010107
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0463-0010107

Technical Reports: Assessment of vegetation and naturalness: a study case in Southern Italy

() — 2008-07-09

Guarino C, Santoro S, De Simone L

ASSESSMENT OF VEGETATION AND NATURALNESS: A STUDY CASE IN SOUTHERN ITALY

Abstract: The study of vegetation and naturalness in the province of Benevento (southern Italy) was conducted through a series of complementary steps starting from a preliminary phase of bibliographical research. To draw up the theme map, after the preparatory phase of GIS-based cartographic support, a photo-interpretation phase was conducted for the whole province of Benevento on the basis of orthophotos at a scale of 1:10.000 taken in 1997-1998 supplied by the Provincial Authority. We produced a map which chiefly takes account of the physiognomic features of vegetation alongside floristic data. Throughout the province of Benevento we identified 21 main floristic types grouped into four categories, which include three physiognomic categories and one category grouping the areas greatly affected by human impact. For each vegetation type we calculated the percentage of the area against the whole surface area of the province. Starting from the vegetation map, the vegetation types in the area were reclassified according to the scale of naturalness ordered according to the criterion of proximity to the mature vegetation phase. The conservation status of the plant landscape in the province of Benevento was thus assessed by using the ILC (Index of Landscape Conservation).

Keywords: GIS, Vegetation map, Naturalness map, ILC (Index of Landscape Conservation)

iForest 1 (3): 114-121 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0452-0010114
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0452-0010114

Research Articles: An approach to estimate carbon stocks change in forest carbon pools under the UNFCCC: the Italian case

() — 2008-05-20

Federici S, Vitullo M, Tulipano S, De Lauretis R, Seufert G

AN APPROACH TO ESTIMATE CARBON STOCKS CHANGE IN FOREST CARBON POOLS UNDER THE UNFCCC: THE ITALIAN CASE

Abstract: Under the UNFCCC, Annex I Parties must report annually a National GHG Inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks. LULUCF is one of the six sectors of the inventory: in this sector any emissions and removals of GHGs by land management should be reported, included the large GHGs fluxes generated by forest management and land-use changes into and from forest. In this context every Party has to produce a proper model in order to be able to fulfil GHGs Inventory request for forest sector. Taking Italy as a study case, the paper aims at presenting a new methodology for updating stock changes for years between national forest inventories, in order to reproduce annual stock changes in the five UNFCCC forest carbon pools, following the UNFCCC requirements in the context of carbon reporting.

Keywords: Carbon stock, GHG inventory, LULUCF, yield model, sink, C pools

iForest 1 (2): 86-95 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0457-0010086
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0457-0010086

Research Articles: Distribution and concentration of cadmium in root tissue of Populus alba determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis

() — 2008-05-20

Cocozza C, Minnocci A, Tognetti R, Iori V, Zacchini M, Scarascia Mugnozza G

DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM IN ROOT TISSUE OF POPULUS ALBA DETERMINED BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS

Abstract: In a polluted environment with potentially toxic elements, plants may play a relevant role on contaminant absorption or stabilization. The aim of this study was to discriminate two poplar clones in their tolerance to high Cd concentrations (50 μM) in the growth solution and to show the potential of poplar in the cleaning-up of Cd-contaminated substrate. Chemical analyses to determine the content of heavy metals in biological samples involve their destruction by digestion with concentrated acids, preventing the localization of potentially toxic elements in situ. In contrast, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis may provide information on element localization and chemical composition of biological samples. Scanning electron microscopy allows for the observation of samples in a dry or wet state, at high magnifications and good field depth with a minimum preparation, and the possibility to combine structural and analytical information by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis and digital images. Although, energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis has relatively low detection limits, it is useful in establishing distribution maps of potentially toxic elements inside cells and tissues. Tissue concentration and localization of Cd (and other elements) in root tips of Populus alba clones (6K3 and 14P11) were investigated, using two different types of scanning electron microscope (ambient temperature and low temperature) both coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis. These techniques were useful to investigate structural modifications and to identify in situ concentration and distribution of Cd in poplar roots, establishing indirect correlations between accumulation and localization of the metal. Overall, observations suggested differential patterns between 6K3 and 14P11 clones in accumulating Cd within the root profile, though overall concentration and content of Cd in the root system, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, did not differ between clones. The possibility that these accumulation patterns arise from differences in uptake processes and structural properties is discussed and related to tolerance mechanisms.

Keywords: EDXMA, heavy metals, poplar, pollution, SEM

iForest 1 (2): 96-103 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0458-0010096
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0458-0010096

Short Communications: Elevational changes in a neotropical Fig (Ficus spp.) community in North Western Ecuador

() — 2008-05-20

Shanee S, Peck MR

ELEVATIONAL CHANGES IN A NEOTROPICAL FIG (FICUS SPP.) COMMUNITY IN NORTH WESTERN ECUADOR

Abstract: Differences in primary production levels at high elevations sites have a direct impact on the numbers, and types, of fauna that areas of tropical forest can support. We investigated the effects of increasing elevation on a Neotropical fig (Ficus spp.) community in the Andean Choco region of Ecuador. Results show that there is a significant reduction in mean density of fig trees (p = 0.01), likewise mean basal area decreases with increasing elevation (p < 0.05). Causes are suggested and the possible consequences of this on frugivores is discussed.

Keywords: Choco, Cloud Forest, DBH, Frugivore, Los Cedros Biological Reserve

iForest 1 (2): 104-106 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0462-0010104
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0462-0010104

Review Papers: Forests and climate change - lessons from insects

() — 2008-02-28

Battisti A

FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE - LESSONS FROM INSECTS

Abstract: The climate change may indirectly affects the forest ecosystems through the activity of phytophagous insects. The climate change has been claimed to be responsible of the range expansion northward and upward of several insect species of northern temperate forests, as well as of changes in the seasonal phenology. Several papers have dealt with the prediction of the most likely consequences of the climate change on the phytophagous insects, including some of the most important forest pests. Increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere involve an increase of the C/N balance of the plant tissues, which in turn results in a lower food quality for many defoliating insects. Some insects respond by increasing the level of leaf consumption and consequently the damage to the tree, whereas others show higher mortality and lower performance. The level of plant chemical defences may also be affected by a change of CO2. The temperature is affecting either the survival of the insects which are active during the cold period, such as the pine processionary moth, or the synchronization mechanism between the host and the herbivores, as in the case of the larch bud moth. An increase of temperature may alter the mechanism by which the insects adjust their cycles to the local climate (diapause), resulting in faster development and higher feeding rate, as in the case of the spruce web-spinning sawfly outbreaks in the Southern Alps.

Keywords: temperature, phenology, range, host-insect relationships

iForest 1 (1): 1-5 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0210-0010001
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0210-0010001

Review Papers: Remote sensing support for post fire forest management

() — 2008-02-28

Corona P, Lamonaca A, Chirici G

REMOTE SENSING SUPPORT FOR POST FIRE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Monitoring of forest burnt areas has several aims: to locate and estimate the extent of such areas; to assess the damages suffered by the forest stands; to check the ability of the ecosystem to naturally recover after the fire; to support the planning of reclamation interventions; to assess the dynamics (pattern and speed) of the natural recovery; to check the outcome of any eventual restoration intervention. Remote sensing is an important source of information to support all such tasks. In the last decades, the effectiveness of remotely sensed imagery is increasing due to the advancement of tools and techniques, and to the lowering of the costs, in relative terms. For an effective support to post-fire management (burnt scar perimeter mapping, damage severity assessment, post-fire vegetation monitoring), a mapping scale of at least 1:10000-1:20000 is required: hence, the selection of remotely sensed data is restricted to aerial imagery and to satellite imagery characterized by high (HR) and, above all, very high (VHR) spatial resolution. In the last decade, HR and VHR passive (optical) remote sensing has widespread, providing affordable multitemporal and multispectral pictures of the considered phenomena, at different scales (spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions) with reference to the monitoring needs. In the light of such a potential, the integration of GPS field survey and imagery by light aerial vectors or VHR satellite is currently sought as a viable option for the post-fire monitoring.

Keywords: burnt scar perimeter mapping, post-fire vegetation monitoring, damage severity assessment, high and very high spatial resolution satellite sensors

iForest 1 (1): 6-12 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0305-0010006
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0305-0010006

Research Articles: Impact of climate change on radial growth of Siberian spruce and Scots pine in North-western Russia

() — 2008-02-28

Lopatin E, Kolström T, Spiecker H

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RADIAL GROWTH OF SIBERIAN SPRUCE AND SCOTS PINE IN NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA

Abstract: When adapting forest management practices to a changing environment, it is very important to understand the response of an unmanaged natural forest to climate change. The method used to identify major climatic factors influencing radial growth of Siberian spruce and Scots pine along a latitudinal gradient in north-western Russia is dendroclimatic analysis. A clear increasing long-term trend was identified in air temperature and precipitation. During the last 20 years, all meteorological stations experienced temperature increases, and 40 years ago precipitation began to increase. This is shown by the radial increment of Siberian spruce and Scots pine. Therefore, climate change could partly explain the increased forest productivity. The total variance explained by temperature varied from 22% to 41% and precipitation from 19% to 38%. The significant climatic parameters for radial increment in Komi Republic were identified, and the relation between temperature and precipitation in explained variance changes over time for Siberian spruce.

Keywords: Climate change, Growth trends, Pinus sylvestris L., Picea obovata Ledeb., Dendrochronology

iForest 1 (1): 13-21 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0447-0010013
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0447-0010013

Research Articles: A new approach to ozone plant fumigation: The Web-O3-Fumigation. Isoprene response to a gradient of ozone stress in leaves of Quercus pubescens

() — 2008-02-28

Pinelli P, Tricoli D

A NEW APPROACH TO OZONE PLANT FUMIGATION: THE WEB-O3-FUMIGATION. ISOPRENE RESPONSE TO A GRADIENT OF OZONE STRESS IN LEAVES OF QUERCUS PUBESCENS

Abstract: The innovative Web-O3-Fumigation (WOF) is a suitable technique to study O3 effects in plants. Through WOF, a very high dose of O3 fumigation may be obtained at the level of selected leaves, while allowing a gradient of ozone stress in branches at different distance from branch directly fumigated with O3 diffusing from perforated Teflon tubes. We used WOF to study the impact of O3 on the emission of isoprene, a putatively powerful antioxidant, in leaves of Quercus pubescens. In our experiment we produced with WOF: i) approximately 300 ppb O3 on the leaves of the branch directly exposed to the pollutant; ii) approximately 190 ppb on the leaves of the branches distant less than 30 cm from the treated branch; iii) a summer ambient O3 concentration (100 ppb) on the leaves of the branches distant more than 30 cm from the branch directly fumigated. High O3 concentrations induced a long-lasting inhibition of photosynthesis and isoprene emission in leaves which were directly fumigated. However, isoprene emission was stimulated by intermediate O3 concentration 288 hours after the end of the treatment. Isoprene stimulation, and the activation of the related antioxidant mechanism, may therefore be dependent on the O3 concentration and may be different in plant canopies depending on their exposure to the pollutant.

Keywords: ozone, isoprene, web-fumigation, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance

iForest 1 (1): 22-26 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0240-0010022
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0240-0010022

Research Articles: Changes in organic compounds during leaf litter leaching: laboratory experiment on eight plant species of the Sudano-guinea Savannas of Ngaoundere, Cameroon

() — 2008-02-28

Ibrahima A, Biyanzi P, Halima M

CHANGES IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DURING LEAF LITTER LEACHING: LABORATORY EXPERIMENT ON EIGHT PLANT SPECIES OF THE SUDANO-GUINEA SAVANNAS OF NGAOUNDERE, CAMEROON

Abstract: A laboratory experiment was carried out on the leaf litter of 8 agroforestry plant species of the Sudano-guinea Savannas of Ngaoundere in order to compare patterns of their water absorption and dynamics of four important energetic organic compounds (soluble sugars, cellulose, phenol and lignin) among these plant species during the leaching phase and to determine the influence of initial litter properties on these processes. To this end, 168 samples of leaf litter (5.00 ± 0.01 g) of Annona senegalensis, Lophira lanceolata, Syzygium guineense var. guineense, Syzygium guineense var. macrocarpum, Vitellaria paradoxa, Vitex doniana, Vitex madiensis and Ximenia americana were immersed for 15 days in distilled water at a temperature of 23 °C and relative humidity of 65 ± 1%. Three samples of each plant species were taken at 1, 6, 24, 72, 168, 240 and 360 hours. Depending on the species, water absorption capacity after 360 h of leaching varied from 162.77 (S. g. var. macrocarpum) to 264.00% (V. madiensis) of dry litter mass. The release of water-soluble substances varied between 9.61 (L. lanceolata) and 34.12% (X. americana). Water absorption and release of water-soluble substances rate constants were the highest in V. madiensis (0.32 h-1 and 0.25 h-1) and the lowest one respectively in S. g. guineense (0.03 h-1) and S. g. var. macrocarpum (0.006 h-1). Organic compound of original litter also varied significantly among species and decreased with leaching time for water-soluble sugars and phenols, while increased for cellulose and lignin. Water absorption by litter was significantly correlated with initial water-soluble sugars and phenol content, leaf litter area and thickness. The release of water-soluble substances by litters was also correlated with initial water-soluble sugars, water content and leaf litter area. The leaching rate constant was correlated with that of water absorption. These preliminary results lead to a better understanding of the litter decomposition processes of agroforestry plant species of Ngaoundere and thus help in making the most appropriate choice of indigenous plant species for domestication that could help to improve soil fertility and eventually to protect the biodiversity.

Keywords: Litter, Leaching, Quality, Organic compounds, Sudano-guinea savanna, Cameroon

iForest 1 (1): 27-33 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0450-0010027
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0450-0010027

Research Articles: Analysing interaction effects in forests using the mark correlation function

() — 2008-02-28

Wälder K, Wälder O

ANALYSING INTERACTION EFFECTS IN FORESTS USING THE MARK CORRELATION FUNCTION

Abstract: The spatial distribution of trees in forests can be described and modelled by point processes where the points are given by the locations (coordinates) of the trees. Further properties of a tree like height or mean crown radius can be interpreted as so called marks of the considered point process characterising the points or trees in some way. The so called mark correlation function describes the spatial correlation of these marks in the observed point pattern. In this paper we introduce a special mark, the overlapping or crown index. We show that mark correlation functions for the considered marks help to understand interaction effects of forest trees.

Keywords: Forestry statistics, Marked point process, Interaction, Crown index

iForest 1 (1): 34-38 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0449-0010034
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0449-0010034

Research Articles: Effects of warmer and drier climate conditions on plant composition and biomass production in a Mediterranean shrubland community

() — 2008-02-28

De Dato G, Pellizzaro G, Cesaraccio C, Sirca C, De Angelis P, Duce P, Spano D, Scarascia Mugnozza G

EFFECTS OF WARMER AND DRIER CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON PLANT COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN A MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLAND COMMUNITY

Abstract: The last IPCC report predicts warmer and drier conditions for the future European climate and the Mediterranean basin could be highly sensible to future climatic change. In order to investigate how the forecast more stressing factors could affect Mediterranean shrubland ecosystems, an appropriate manipulation of the microclimate was carried out in an area covered by Mediterranean maquis aimed at extending the drought period and increasing the night-time temperature. Soil cover, plant growth, litterfall, leaf water status, and leaf nutritional status were monitored over three growing seasons. The manipulation altered the microclimate according to common scenarios, increasing mean annual night-time air temperature by about 1 °C and mean annual temperature by about 0.5 °C, and decreasing precipitation between 6-46% of the total rainfall during the growing seasons. A general increase of vegetation cover was observed in the whole community during the three years of experimentation. This positive temporal pattern was mainly observed in control and warming treatment, whereas in the drought treatment it was less evident. At species-specific level, a clear negative effect of drought treatment was observed for C. monspeliensis percentage cover. Shoot elongation was not significantly affected by the warming treatment. A significant negative effect of drought treatment was noticed in the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 growing seasons. An increase of N and P concentrations in the drought treatment in Cistus was observed and it can be explained by the reduced shoot growth induced by the water shortage that we had observed in the same treatment. The absence of a concentration effect on the other two species could be the signal of the different behaviour with regard to a drier climate, and therefore could be a symptom of future change in species composition. We underline the need of long-term observation, because of the different responses of plants in the short and long- term conditions.

Keywords: Mediterranean shrublands, Plant production, Night-time warming, Drought period extension.

iForest 1 (1): 39-48 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0418-0010039
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0418-0010039

Research Articles: The use of branch enclosures to assess direct and indirect effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, respiration and isoprene emission of Populus alba leaves

() — 2008-02-28

Brilli F, Tricoli D, Fares S, Centritto M, Loreto F

THE USE OF BRANCH ENCLOSURES TO ASSESS DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION AND ISOPRENE EMISSION OF POPULUS ALBA LEAVES

Abstract: We used a novel system of branch enclosures to study the impact of elevated CO2 (900 ppm) on the gas-exchange characteristics of developed and developing leaves of white poplar (Populus alba L.), as well as of leaves subsequently developing at ambient CO2, outside the enclosures in which the CO2 concentration was raised. We found no significant effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, respiration and isoprene emission, as the rates of developed and developing leaves inside the enclosures, and of leaves developing outside the enclosures, were similar to those recorded using enclosures maintained at ambient CO2. The enclosure system, however, largely influenced the rates of gas-exchange. In fact, leaves already developed inside the enclosures showed rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and isoprene emission higher than leaves developing inside the enclosures, and also higher than leaves developing outside the enclosure. These differences were caused by a higher efficiency in the light use and by a higher Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity in leaves fully developed inside enclosures than in the other leaf classes. The experiment overall suggests that branch enclosures may alter the physiology of the plants, reducing or counteracting the impact of elevated CO2, which we predicted to stimulate photosynthesis and uncouple isoprene emission from photosynthesis. This may be an important bias against the use of enclosure systems for studies of the impact of environmental constraints and global change factors on physiological features.

Keywords: Populus Alba, Elevated CO2, Branch Enclosure, Photosynthesis, Isoprene Emission

iForest 1 (1): 49-54 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0429-0010049
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0429-0010049

Research Articles: Effects of gap size and within-gap position on seedlings establishment in silver fir stands

() — 2008-02-28

Albanesi E, Gugliotta OI, Mercurio I, Mercurio R

EFFECTS OF GAP SIZE AND WITHIN-GAP POSITION ON SEEDLINGS ESTABLISHMENT IN SILVER FIR STANDS

Abstract: The conversion of pure conifer plantations into stands with heterogeneous structure and composition is a current silvicultural challenge in Italy. A silvicultural system aiming to the regeneration of natural forests by means of openings in the canopy cover is considered. The purposes of this study are: I) to evaluate if the creation of gaps is an appropriate way to transform homogeneous man-made stands of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) into naturally regenerated stands; II) to analyse the influence of micro-environmental conditions in gaps of different size on the recruitment and establishment of natural regeneration of forest tree species. After three growing seasons silver fir seedlings recruitment was greater in small gaps and in the central-southern positions where PAR was lower and the shading influence of ground vegetation less relevant. The most suitable gap size for silver fir regeneration, in the southern Apennine, is 200 (300) m2, D/H = 0.5 and anyway <0.75. The silvicultural treatment proposed seems to foster natural regeneration of silver fir and other broadleaves, enhancing the development of a multi-layered forest structure and fulfilling timber production objectives without compromising ecosystem management principles.

Keywords: Forest gaps, light, natural regeneration, silvicultural systems, Abies alba, Italy

iForest 1 (1): 55-59 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0448-0010055
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0448-0010055

Research Articles: Fuel type characterization based on coarse resolution MODIS satellite data

() — 2008-02-28

Lanorte A, Lasaponara R

FUEL TYPE CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON COARSE RESOLUTION MODIS SATELLITE DATA

Abstract: Fuel types is one of the most important factors that should be taken into consideration for computing spatial fire hazard and risk and simulating fire growth and intensity across a landscape. In the present study, forest fuel mapping is considered from a remote sensing perspective. The purpose is to delineate forest types by exploring the use of coarse resolution satellite remote sensing MODIS imagery. In order to ascertain how well MODIS data can provide an exhaustive classification of fuel properties a sample area characterized by mixed vegetation covers and complex topography was analysed. The study area is located in the South of Italy. Fieldwork fuel type recognitions, performed before, after and during the acquisition of remote sensing MODIS data, were used as ground-truth dataset to assess the obtained results. The method comprised the following three steps: (I) adaptation of Prometheus fuel types for obtaining a standardization system useful for remotely sensed classification of fuel types and properties in the considered Mediterranean ecosystems; (II) model construction for the spectral characterization and mapping of fuel types based on two different approach, maximum likelihood (ML) classification algorithm and spectral Mixture Analysis (MTMF); (III) accuracy assessment for the performance evaluation based on the comparison of MODIS-based results with ground-truth. Results from our analyses showed that the use of remotely sensed MODIS data provided a valuable characterization and mapping of fuel types being that the achieved classification accuracy was higher than 73% for ML classifier and higher than 83% for MTMF.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, MODIS, Fuel types.

iForest 1 (1): 60-64 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0451-0010060
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0451-0010060

Research Articles: Seasonal variations in monoterpene profiles and ecophysiological traits in Mediterranean pine species of group “halepensis”

() — 2008-02-28

Michelozzi M, Tognetti R, Maggino F, Radicati M

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN MONOTERPENE PROFILES AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN MEDITERRANEAN PINE SPECIES OF GROUP “HALEPENSIS”

Abstract: Foliar and cortical terpene profile, and needle gas exchange and water potential of P. halepensis, P. brutia and P. eldarica were compared over three consecutive seasons (1996-1998) in an experimental plantation nearby Firenze (Italy). Terpene percentages in mature tissue (cortex and needle) did not change in response to water stress during summer period and remained stable through seasons and years. Terpene profiles were not affected by seasonal drought, and are thus valuable to characterize Mediterranean pine species of the group “halepensis”. There was a threshold-type response of maximum daily gas exchange to decreasing predawn water potential in all pines. Net photosynthesis and needle conductance were linearly related, regardless of the species.

Keywords: Pinus halepensis, Terpene, Drought, Photosynthesis, Water relations

iForest 1 (1): 65-74 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0206-0010065
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0206-0010065

Short Communications: Towards cost-effective indicators to maintain Natura 2000 sites in favourable conservation status. Preliminary results from Cansiglio and New Forest

() — 2008-02-28

Cantarello E, Newton A

TOWARDS COST-EFFECTIVE INDICATORS TO MAINTAIN NATURA 2000 SITES IN FAVOURABLE CONSERVATION STATUS. PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM CANSIGLIO AND NEW FOREST

Abstract: Natura 2000 is a coherent ecological network of special areas, designated under the Habitat and Birds EEC Directives, to assist in the maintenance of biodiversity in the European territory. It is now widely recognised that one of the most effective ways to maintain biodiversity is to preserve habitats in a favourable conservation status as required of Member States by the Habitat Directive. As a consequence, approaches are needed to define when habitats are of favourable conservation status and to assess the maintenance or the restoration of this condition. This could be partly achieved through the selection of appropriate indicators of favourable conservation status. Once such indicators have been identified and tested, they could be used for monitoring the impact of managing Natura 2000 sites, and could assist in achieving policy goals. Although many indicators have been proposed, particularly for forested habitats, few have been adequately field tested. Little research has been undertaken to identify indicators that are cost-effective, a key characteristic given that resources for habitat assessment and monitoring are often limited. Therefore, this research aims both to identify appropriate indicators to maintain favourable conservation status, and to evaluate their relative cost-effectiveness for two selected Natura 2000 sites: the Cansiglio Forest (North Italy) and the New Forest (South England). The following will highlight the results of the preliminary research.Natura 2000 is a coherent ecological network of special areas, designated under the Habitat and Birds EEC Directives, to assist in the maintenance of biodiversity in the European territory. It is now widely recognised that one of the most effective ways to maintain biodiversity is to preserve habitats in a favourable conservation status as required of Member States by the Habitat Directive. As a consequence, approaches are needed to define when habitats are of favourable conservation status and to assess the maintenance or the restoration of this condition. This could be partly achieved through the selection of appropriate indicators of favourable conservation status. Once such indicators have been identified and tested, they could be used for monitoring the impact of managing Natura 2000 sites, and could assist in achieving policy goals. Although many indicators have been proposed, particularly for forested habitats, few have been adequately field tested. Little research has been undertaken to identify indicators that are cost-effective, a key characteristic given that resources for habitat assessment and monitoring are often limited. Therefore, this research aims both to identify appropriate indicators to maintain favourable conservation status, and to evaluate their relative cost-effectiveness for two selected Natura 2000 sites: the Cansiglio Forest (North Italy) and the New Forest (South England). The following will highlight the results of the preliminary research.

Keywords: Indicators, Biodiversity, Natura 2000, Forest habitats.

iForest 1 (1): 75-80 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0410-0010075
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0410-0010075

Commentaries & Perspectives: Benefits of a strategic national forest inventory to science and society: the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis program

() — 2008-02-28

Shaw JD

BENEFITS OF A STRATEGIC NATIONAL FOREST INVENTORY TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: THE USDA FOREST SERVICE FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM

Abstract: Forest Inventory and Analysis, previously known as Forest Survey, is one of the oldest research and development programs in the USDA Forest Service. Statistically-based inventory efforts that started in Scandinavian countries in the 1920s raised interest in developing a similar program in the U.S. The U.S. Congress established the research branch of the U.S. Forest Service in 1928, shortly after Dr. Yrjö Ilvessalo, leader of the first Finnish national forest inventory, met with President Calvin Coolidge. Congress charged the Forest Service to find “facts as may be necessary in the determination of ways and means to balance the timber budget of the United States”. As a result, Forest Survey maintained a timber focus for much its history. As society’s interest in forests changed over time, so did information needs. Conflicts over resource allocation and use could not be resolved without up-to-date knowledge of forest status and trends. In response to society’s needs, the Forest Inventory and Analysis program has evolved from Forest Survey to address diverse topics such as forest health, carbon storage, wildlife habitat, air pollution, and invasive plants, while continuing its mandate to monitor the Nation’s timber supply. The Forest Inventory and Analysis program collects data on all land ownerships on an annual basis. The data are used to develop reports on a regular basis; reports and raw data are available to the public at no cost. The data are also used by scientists in a growing number of applications. A short history of the Forest Survey is presented with several examples of current research based on Forest Inventory and Analysis data.

Keywords: Forest Inventory, Fia, Silviculture, Disturbance, United States

iForest 1 (1): 81-85 (2008) - doi: 10.3832/ifor0345-0010081
http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0345-0010081