Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species

doi:10.3832/ifor3693-014

Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species

Florence Terrasse^(1-2), Loic Brancheriau^(1-2), Remy Marchal⁽³⁾, Nabila Boutahar^(1-2), Sylvain Lotte^(1-2), Daniel Guibal^(1-2), Luc Pignolet^(1-2), Kevin Candelier^(1-2)

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 212-220 (2021)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3693-014
Published: May 02, 2021 - Copyright © 2021 SISEF

Research Articles

PDF Version

Full Text

Citation

Geo-mapping

Agroforestry practices like pruning trees to control the light flux to crops produce every year a large volume of branches which is valorized by farmers as mulching or energy fuel. However, according to the literature, the wood of branches shows higher rates of polyphenols than stem wood and this can open some new perspectives for branch exploitation. In this study, the wood properties (density, mechanical properties, extractive content and decay resistance) were determined on branches of different sizes from oak, chestnut, poplar and walnut trees collected in two agroforestry systems. These properties were evaluated according to the wood age and the sampling position along the radial and longitudinal axes of the branch. All samples were analyzed by NIR-Spectroscopy and a predicting model aimed to assess the branch wood properties has been developed. Wood characteristics largely vary between species and do not exactly follow the same trends from one species to another. Overall, hardwood density of branches is similar to that of trunks, the content in wood extractives follows similar evolutions, and the decay resistance of branch wood does not seem to be really impacted by its position along the branch. Reliable NIRS models were built to easily predict the wood density and extractives content of agroforestry branches. The extractives content and the decay resistance of branch hardwood appear to be substantially lower than those of trunks, which suggests a non-suitability of branch wood for developing high-valued green chemistry.

Keywords

Agroforestry, Branches, NIR-Spectrometry, Wood Quality

Authors’ address

(1)

0000-0002-9580-7696

CIRAD, Research Unit BioWooEB, 34000, Montpellier (France)

(2)

0000-0002-9580-7696

BioWooEB, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier (France)

(3)

0000-0002-5712-9978
“Arts et Metiers” Institute of Technology, LABOMAP, HESAM University, F-71250 Cluny (France)

Corresponding author

Kevin Candelier
kevin.candelier@cirad.fr

Citation

Terrasse F, Brancheriau L, Marchal R, Boutahar N, Lotte S, Guibal D, Pignolet L, Candelier K (2021). Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species. iForest 14: 212-220. - doi: 10.3832/ifor3693-014

Academic Editor

Luigi Todaro

Paper history

Received: Nov 09, 2020
Accepted: Mar 01, 2021

First online: May 02, 2021
Publication Date: Jun 30, 2021
Publication Time: 2.07 months

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 5681
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 2430
Abstract Page Views: 386
PDF Downloads: 2482
Citation/Reference Downloads: 1
XML Downloads: 382

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 1088
Overall contacts: 5681
Avg. contacts per week: 36.55

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Nov 2020)

(No citations were found up to date. Please come back later)

(no Plumx Metrics available for this paper)

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ^©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

(1)

ADEME/Atlanbois (2016)
Wood energy: current resources and prospects, keys to action? Environment and Energy Management Agency - ADEME, Pays de la Loire, France, pp. 4. [in French]
Gscholar

(2)

Anten N, Schieving F, Dudley R, DeAngelis DL (2010)
The role of wood mass density and mechanical constraints in the economy of tree architecture. The American Naturalist 175: 250-260.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(3)

Bravery AF (1978)
A miniaturized wood block for the rapid evaluation of wood preservative fungicides. Report no. 8-136: “II-Screening fungicides”, Swedish Wood Preservation Institute, Stocholm, Sweden, pp 57-67.
Gscholar

(4)

Burns DA, Ciurczak EW (2008)
Handbook of near-infrared analysis (3rd edn). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 834.
Online | Gscholar

(5)

Chaix G, Kokutse AD, Ratovomboahangy B, Guibal D, Randrianjafy H, Rakotondraoelina H, Brancheriau L, Rakotovololonalimanana H, Hein PRG, Ramananantoandro T (2015)
Prediction of radial and tangential shrinkages by near infrared spectroscopy: an example for Tectona grandis from Togo and for Liquidambar styraciflua from Madagascar. Cerne 16: 66-73.
Online | Gscholar

(6)

CIRAD (2012a)
Fiche de l’essence chêne [File for oak species]. TROPIX 7 Les principales caractéristiques technologiques de 245 essences forestières tropicales, CIRAD, France, pp. 4. [in French]
Online | Gscholar

(7)

CIRAD (2012b)
Fiche de l’essence chtaignier [File for Chestnut species]. TROPIX 7 Les principales caractéristiques technologiques de 245 essences forestières tropicales, CIRAD, France, pp. 4. [in French]
Online | Gscholar

(8)

CIRAD (2012c)
Fiche de l’essence noyer [File for walnut species]. TROPIX 7 Les principales caractéristiques technologiques de 245 essences forestières tropicales, CIRAD, France, CIRAD, France, pp. 4. [in French]
Online | Gscholar

(9)

CIRAD (2012d)
Fiche de l’essence peuplier [File for poplar species]. TROPIX 7 Les principales caractéristiques technologiques de 245 essences forestières tropicales, CIRAD, France, pp. 4. [in French]
Online | Gscholar

(10)

Dadzie PK, Amoah M (2015)
Density, some anatomical properties and natural durability of stem and branch wood of two tropical hardwood species for ground applications. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 73: 759-773.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(11)

Dadzie PK, Amoah M, Frimpong-Mensah K, Shi SQ (2016)
Comparison of density and selected microscopic characteristics of stem and branch wood of two commercial trees in Ghana. Wood Science and Technology 50: 91-104.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(12)

Dupraz C, Liagre F (2008)
Agroforesterie: des arbres et des cultures [Agroforestry: about trees and cultures] (1st edn). Edition France Agricole, Paris, France, pp. 413. [in French]
Online | Gscholar

(13)

Esteves B, Pereira H (2008)
Quality assessment of heat-treated wood by NIR spectroscopy. Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff 66 (5): 323-3325.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(14)

Fackler K, Schwanninger M (2010)
Polysaccharide degradation and lignin modification during brown rot of spruce wood: a polarised Fourier transform near infrared study. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 18: 403-416.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(15)

Gavaland A, Burnel L (2005)
Growth and above-ground biomass of black walnut trees in an agroforestry plot at Les Eduts (Charente-Maritime). Chambres d’Agriculture 945: 20-22. [in French]
Gscholar

(16)

Gierlinger N, Schwanninger M, Hinterstoisser B, Wimmer R (2002)
Rapid determination of heartwood extractives in Larix sp. by means of Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 10: 203-214.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(17)

Gindlet W, Teischinger A, Schwanninger M, Hinterstoisser B (2001)
The relationship between near infrared spectra of radial wood surfaces and wood mechanical properties. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 9: 255-261.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(18)

Gryc V, Vavrčík H, Horn K (2011)
Density of juvenile and mature wood of selected coniferous species. Journal of Forest Science 57: 123-130.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(19)

Guitton JL (1994)
L’agroforesterie? [Agroforestry? Agroforestry in temperate zones]. Revue Forestière Française 46: 11-16. [in French]
CrossRef | Gscholar

(20)

Gurau L, Cionca M, Mansfield-Williams H, Sawyer G, Zeleniuc O (2008)
Comparison of the mechanical properties of branch and stem wood for three species. Wood and Fiber Science 40: 11.
Online | Gscholar

(21)

Hamon X, Dupraz C, Liagre F (2009)
L’Agroforesterie, outil de séquestration du carbone en agriculture [Agroforestry: a tool for carbon sequestration in agriculture]. AGROOF, Bureau d’étude Spécialisé dans la Formation et le Développement des Pratiques Agroforestières, INRA, Anduze, France, pp. 17. [in French]
Online | Gscholar

(22)

Hein PGR, Maioli Campos AC, Trugilho PF, Tarcísio Lima J, Chaix G (2009)
Near infrared spectroscopy for estimating wood basic density in Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis. Cerne 15 (2): 133-141.
Online | Gscholar

(23)

Jamnadass RH, Place F, Torquebiau EF, Malezieux E, Iiyama M, Sileshi GW, Kehlenbeck K, Masters E, McMullin S, Weber JC, Dawson IAK (2013)
Agroforestry, food and nutritional security. ICRAF Working Paper no. 170, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 26.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(24)

Jones T, Meder R, Low C, O’Callahan D, Chittenden C, Ebdon N, Thumm A, Riddel M (2011)
Natural durability of the heartwood of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) and its prediction using near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 19: 381-389.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(25)

Kebbi-Benkeder Z (2015)
Biodiversité interspécifique et intraspécifique des extractibles nodaux [Interspecific and intraspecific biodiversity of knots extractive compounds]. AgroParisTech Thesis, University of Lorraine, France, pp. 206. [in French]
Online | Gscholar

(26)

Kiaei M, Tajik M, Vaysi R (2014)
Chemical and biometrical properties of plum wood and its application in pulp and paper production. Maderas Ciencia y Tecnología 16 (3): 313-322.
Gscholar

(27)

Košíková B (2009)
Morphological and chemical characteristics of stem and knot poplar wood. Wood Research 54 (3): 117-122.
Online | Gscholar

(28)

Latorraca JV, Dünisch O, Koch G (2011)
Chemical composition and natural durability of juvenile and mature heartwood of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83: 1059-1068.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(29)

Leblon B, Adedipe O, Hans G, Haddadi A, Tsuchikawa S, Burger J, Stirling R, Pirouz Z, Groves K, Nader J, LaRocque A (2013)
A review of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring moisture content and density of solid wood. The Forestry Chronicle 89 (5): 595-606.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(30)

Lehnebach R, Bossu J, Va S, Morel H, Amusant N, Nicolini E, Beauchêne J (2019)
Wood density variations of legume trees in French Guiana along the shade tolerance continuum: heartwood effects on radial patterns and gradients. Forests 10 (2): 80.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(31)

Malignier N, Balaguer F (2017)
AGFORWARD annex to deliverable 1.2: current extent and trends of agroforestry in France. Association Française d’Agroforesterie, Auch, France, pp. 10.
Gscholar

(32)

McLean JP, Zhang T, Bardet S, Beauchêne J, Thibaut A, Clair B, Thibaut B (2011)
The decreasing radial wood stiffness pattern of some tropical trees growing in the primary forest is reversed and increases when they are grown in a plantation. Annals of Forest Science 68: 681-688.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(33)

Meder R, Gallagher S, Macki KL, Böhler H, Meglen R (1999)
Rapid determination of the chemical composition and density of Pinus radiata by PLS modelling of transmission and diffuse reflectance FTIR spectra. Holzforschung 53 (3): 261-266.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(34)

Michon G, De Foresta H (1992)
Complex agroforestry systems and conservation of biological diversity: 2. For a larger use of traditional agroforestry trees as timber in Indonesia: a link between environmental conservation and economic development. In: “In Harmony with Nature. Proceedings of the International Conference on Conservation of Tropical Biodiversity” (Yap SK, Lee SW eds). Kuala Lampur (Malaysia), 12-16 June 1990. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, MYS, pp. 488-500.
Online | Gscholar

(35)

Mora CR, Schimleck L, Isik F (2008)
Near infrared calibration models for the estimation of wood density in Pinus taeda using repeated sample measurements. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 16: 517-528.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(36)

Morikawa T, Ashitani T, Kofujita H, Takahashi K (2014)
Antitermitic activity of extracts from Chamaecyparis obtusa branch heartwood. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 72: 651-657.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(37)

Mulia R, Dupraz C (2006)
Unusual fine root distributions of two deciduous tree species in Southern France: what consequences for modelling of tree root dynamics? Plant and Soil 281: 71-85.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(38)

Naes T, Isaksson T, Fearn T, Davies T (2004)
A user-friendly guide to multivariate calibration and classification. NIR Publications, Charlton, UK, pp. 344.
Gscholar

(39)

Nair PKR (1993)
An introduction to agroforestry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherland, and International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 489.
Online | Gscholar

(40)

Nair PKR (1990)
The prospects for agroforestry in the tropics. Technical Paper no. 131, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 77.
Online | Gscholar

(41)

Pecha B, Garcia-Perez M (2015)
Chapter 26 - Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: oil, char, and gas. In: “Bioenergy, Biomass to Biofuels”. Academic Press, Cambridge, USA, pp. 413-442.
Gscholar

(42)

Pietarinen SP, Suivi P, Willför SM, Vikström FA, Holmbom BR (2006a)
Aspen knots, a rich source of flavonoids. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 26 (3): 245-258.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(43)

Pietarinen SP, Willför SM, Ahotupa MO, Hemming JE, Holmbom BR (2006b)
Knotwood and bark extracts: strong antioxidants fromwaste materials. Journal of Wood Science 52 (5): 436-444.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(44)

Razafimahatratra AR, Rakotovololonalimanana H, Thévenon MF, Belloncle C, Chaix G, Ramananantoandro T (2018)
Natural durability, ethanol-toluene extractives and phenol content prediction of eight wood species from Madagascar using NIRS multispecific models. In: Proceedings of the “Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Protection (IRG49)”. Johannesburg (South Africa) 29 Apr-3 May 2018. IRG, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 6.
Online | Gscholar

(45)

Rowell RM, Pettersens R, Han JS, Rowell JS, Tshabalala MA (2005)
Cell wall chemistry. In: “Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites”. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 35-72.
Online | Gscholar

(46)

Sanchez PA (1995)
Science in agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems 30: 5-55.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(47)

Sandak J, Sandak A, Meder R (2016)
Assessing trees, wood and derived products with near infrared spectroscopy: hints and tips. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 24: 485-505.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(48)

Sarmiento C, Patiño S, Paine CET, Beauchêne J, Thibaut A, Baraloto C (2011)
Within-individual variation of trunk and branch xylem density in tropical trees. American Journal of Botany 98 (1): 140-149.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(49)

Savitzky A, Golay MJE (1964)
Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Analytical Chemistry 36: 1627-1639.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(50)

Schimleck L, Evans R, Ilic J (2003)
Application of near infrared spectroscopy to the extracted wood of a diverse range of species. IAWA Journal 24 (4): 429-438.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(51)

Schwanninger M, Rodrigues JC, Fackler K (2011)
A review of band assignments in near infrared spectra of wood and wood components. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 19 (5): 287-308.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(52)

Sun G, Ibach RE, Faillace M, Gnatowski M, Glaeser JA, Haight J (2017)
Laboratory and exterior decay of wood-plastic composite boards: voids analysis and computed tomography. Wood Material Science and Engineering 12: 263-278.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(53)

Sykacek E, Gierlinger N, Wimmer R, Schwanninger M (2006)
Prediction of natural durability of commercial available European and Siberian larch by near-infrared spectroscopy. Holzforschung 60: 643-64.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(54)

Tsuchikawa S, Kobori H (2015)
A review of recent application of near infrared spectroscopy to wood science and technology. Journal of Wood Science 61: 213-220.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(55)

Williams P, Sobering D (1993)
Comparison of commercial near infrared transmittance and reflectance instruments for analysis of whole grains and seeds. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 1: 25-32.
CrossRef | Gscholar

(56)

XP-CEN/TS-15083-1 (2006)
Durability of wood and wood-based products - Determination of the natural durability of solid wood against wood destroying fungi - Test methods - Part 1: Basidiomycetes. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, pp. 20.
Gscholar

(57)

Xu F, Zhong XC, Sun RC, Lu Q, Jones GL (2007)
Chemical composition, fiber morphology, and pulping of P. bolleana Lauche. Wood and Fiber Science 38: 512-519.
Gscholar

(58)

Young A (1991)
Agroforestry for soil conservation. In: “Science and Practice of Agroforestry”. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 318.
Gscholar

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

Contents

Search

Journal Info

Journal Subjects and Fields

For Authors

For Reviewers

For Readers

SISEF Publishing

Search iForest Contents