Several studies have been carried out to investigate soil compaction and rutting after logging vehicle traffic, based on time consuming and punctual field measurements. The objective of this study was to measure soil disturbances with two methods: (i) a new, image-based models derived by a structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry approach; and (ii) a traditional soil sampling (bulk density and shear strength). Two trails were selected in a logging area (central Italy), one trafficked by a forwarder (FT) and one trafficked by a skidder (ST). Data collection was conducted before, during and after timber extraction. Image-based models derived by SfM photogrammetry was used to highlight the differences in the shape and distribution of the disturbances along ST and FT. Results showed that the physical parameters of soil significantly changed due to both FT and ST traffic. Machine passes increased bulk density (111% and 31% for FT and ST, respectively), penetration resistance (29% and 24% for FT and ST, respectively) and shear resistance (14% and 6% for FT and ST, respectively), whereas porosity decreased (46% and 9% for FT and ST, respectively). Significant differences between FT and ST were found when comparing ruts removal and bulges with SfM photogrammetry. After logging, FT clearly showed ruts and bulges, whereas in ST ruts and bulges were not visible, but soil displacement in the direction of extraction was evident and measurable. Nevertheless, although our result shows a larger soil disturbance caused by forwarders than skidders, it is not possible to draw any general conclusions about differences between the two machines. Data about the machine passes, or the wood volumes transported over each trial area were not available; therefore, any general conclusion is misleading. SfM photogrammetry give information not available via traditional methods, thus improving impact assessment.
Keywords
, , , ,
Citation
Cambi M, Giannetti F, Bottalico F, Travaglini D, Nordfjell T, Chirici G, Marchi E (2018). Estimating machine impact on strip roads via close-range photogrammetry and soil parameters: a case study in central Italy. iForest 11: 148-154. - doi: 10.3832/ifor2590-010
Academic Editor
Rodolfo Picchio
Paper history
Received: Aug 08, 2017
Accepted: Dec 11, 2017
First online: Feb 07, 2018
Publication Date: Feb 28, 2018
Publication Time: 1.93 months
© SISEF - The Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology 2018
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Breakdown by View Type
(Waiting for server response...)
Article Usage
Total Article Views: 21378
(from publication date up to now)
Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 16080
Abstract Page Views: 1086
PDF Downloads: 3275
Citation/Reference Downloads: 18
XML Downloads: 919
Web Metrics
Days since publication: 2472
Overall contacts: 21378
Avg. contacts per week: 60.54
Article Citations
Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Nov 2020)
Total number of cites (since 2018): 8
Average cites per year: 2.67
Publication Metrics
by Dimensions ©
Articles citing this article
List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.
(1)
Agherkakli B, Najafi A, Sadeghi S (2010)Ground based operation effects on soil disturbance by steel tracked skidder in a steep slope of forest. Journal of Forest Science 56: 278-284.
Online |
Gscholar
(2)
Aguilar MA, Aguilar RJ, Negreiros J (2009)Off-the-shelf laser scanning and close-range digital photogrammetry for measuring agricultural soils microrelief. Biosystems Engineering 103: 504-517.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(3)
Aiger D, Mitra NJ, Cohen-Or D (2008)Four-points congruent sets for robust surface registration. ACM Transactions on Graphics, Proc. SIGGRAPH 27 (3): 1-10.
Gscholar
(4)
Alakukku L, Weisskopf P, Chamen WC, Tijink FG, Van Der Linden J, Pires S, Sommer C, Spoor G (2003)Prevention strategies for field traffic induced subsoil compaction: a review. Soil and Tillage Research 73 145-160.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(5)
Ampoorter E, Goris R, Cornelis WM, Verheyen K (2007)Impact of mechanized logging on compaction status of sandy forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management 241: 162-174.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(6)
Bagheri I, Naghdi R, Jalali AM (2013)Evaluation of factors affecting soil erosion along skid trails (case study; Shafarood Forest, Northern Iran). Caspian Journal of Environmental Science 11: 151-160.
Online |
Gscholar
(7)
Bottalico F, Travaglini D, Fiorentini S, Lisa C, Nocentini S (2014)Stand dynamics and natural regeneration in silver fir (
Abies alba Mill.) plantations after traditional rotation age. iForest 7: 313-323.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(8)
Bygdén G, Eliasson L, Wästerlund I (2004)Rut depth, soil compaction and rolling resistance when using bogie tracks. Journal of Terramechanics 40: 179-190.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(9)
Cambi M, Certini G, Neri F, Marchi E (2015)The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: a review. Forest Ecology and Management 338: 124-138.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(10)
Cambi M, Grigolato S, Neri F, Picchio R, Marchi E (2016)Effects of forwarder operation on soil physical characteristics: a case study in the Italian Alps. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 37 (2): 233-239.
Online |
Gscholar
(11)
Castillo R, James CM, Redel-Macías MD, Pérez R, Gómez JA (2015)SF3M software: 3-D photo-reconstruction for non-expert users and its application to a gully network. Soil 1: 583-594.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(12)
Chirici G, Bottalico F, Giannetti F, Rossi P, Del Perugia B, Travaglini D, Nocentini S, Ruedlinger EHK, Marchi E, Foderi F, Fioravanti M, Fattorini L, Guariglia A, Ciancio O, McRoberts LR, Naesset E, Corona P, Gozzini B (2018)Assessing forest windthrow damage using single-date, post-event airborne laser scanning data. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 91 (1): 27-37.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(13)
Christopher EA, Visser R (2007)Methodology for evaluating post harvest erosion risk for the protection of water quality. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 2007 52: 20-25.
Online |
Gscholar
(14)
Deconchat M (2001)Effects of logging techniques on the soil surface. Annals of Forest Sciences 58: 653-661.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(15)
D’Oleire-Oltmanns S, Marzolff I, Peter K, Ries J (2012)Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for monitoring soil erosion in Morocco. Remote Sensing 4: 3390-3416.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(16)
Eliasson L (2005)Effects of forwarder tyre pressure on rut formation and soil compaction. Silva Fennica 39: 549-557.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(17)
Giannetti F, Chirici G, Travaglini D, Bottalico F, Marchi E, Cambi M (2017)Assessment of soil disturbance caused by forest operations by means of portable laser scanner and soil physical parameters. Soil Science Society of America Journal 81 (6): 1577.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(18)
Gomez A, Powers RF, Singer MJ, Horwath WR (2002)Soil compaction effects on growth of young ponderosa pine following litter removal in California’s Sierra Nevada. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66: 1334-1343.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(19)
Gondard H, Romane F, Aronson J, Shater Z (2003)Impact of soil surface disturbances on functional group diversity after clear-cutting in Aleppo pine (
Pinus halepensis) forests in southern France. Forest Ecology and Management 180: 165-174.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(20)
Han SK, Han HS, Page-Dumroese D, Johnson LR (2009)Soil compaction associated with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting of a coniferous forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39: 976-989.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(21)
Heng BCP, Chandler JM, Armstrong A (2010)Applying close range digital photogrammetry in soil erosion studies. The Photogrammetric Record 25: 240-265.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(22)
Heninger R, Scott W, Dobkowski A, Miller R, Anderson H, Duke S (2002)Soil disturbance and 10-year growth response of coast Douglas-fir on non-tilled and tilled skid trails in the Oregon Cascades. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 233-246.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(23)
Horn R, Vossbrink J, Peth S, Becker S (2007)Impact of modern forest vehicles on soil physical properties. Forest Ecology and Management 248 (1-2): 56-63.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(24)
James MR, Robson S (2012)Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera: accuracy and geoscience application. Journal of Geophysical Research 117: F03017.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(25)
Jamshidi R, Jaeger D, Raafatnia N, Tabari M (2008)Influence of two ground-based skidding systems on soil compaction under different slope and gradient conditions. International Journal of Engineering Science 19: 9-16.
Online |
Gscholar
(26)
Jansson KJ, Johansson J (1998)Soil changes after traffic with a tracked and wheeled forest machine: a case study on a silt loam in Sweden. Forestry 71: 57-66.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(27)
Javernick L, Brasington B, Caruso B (2014)Modeling the topography of shallow braided rivers using structure-from-motion photogrammetry. Geomorphology 213: 166-182.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(28)
Jester W, Klik A (2005)Soil surface roughness measurement - methods, applicability, and surface representation. Catena 64 (2-3): 174-192.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(29)
Jourgholami M, Soltanpour S, Etehadi Abari M, Zenner EK (2014)Influence of slope on physical soil disturbance due to farm tractor forwarding in a Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran. iForest 7: 342-348.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(30)
Kaiser A, Neugirg F, Rock G, Müller C, Haas F, Ries J, Schmidt J (2014)Small-scale surface reconstruction and volume calculation of soil erosion in complex Moroccan gully morphology using structure from motion. Remote Sensing 6 (8): 7050-7080.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(31)
Koren M, Slančík M, Suchomel J, Dubina J (2015)Use of terrestrial laser scanning to evaluate the spatial distribution of soil disturbance by skidding operations. iForest 8: 386-393.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(32)
Lotfalian M, Parsakhoo A (2009)Investigation of forest soil disturbance caused by rubber-tired skidder traffic. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences 3: 79-82.
Gscholar
(33)
Marchi E, Picchio R, Spinelli R, Verani S, Venanzi R, Certini G (2014)Environmental impact assessment of different logging methods in pine forests thinning. Ecological Engineering 70: 429-436.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(34)
McFero Grace J, Skaggs RW, Cassel DK (2006)Soil physical changes associated with forest harvesting operations on an organic soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70: 503-509.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(35)
McMahon S (1995)A survey method for assessing site disturbance. Project Report no. 54, Logging Industry Research Organisation, New Zealand, pp. 16.
Gscholar
(36)
McNabb DH, Startsev AD, Nguyen H (2001)Soil wetness and traffic level effects on bulk density and air-filled porosity of compacted boreal forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65: 1238-1247.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(37)
Michetti N, Chandler JH, Lane SN (2015)Investigating the geomorphological potential of freely available and accessible structure-from-motion photogrammetry using a smartphone. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 40: 473-486.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(38)
Nadal-Romero E, Revuelto J, Errea P, López-Moreno JI (2015)The application of terrestrial laser scanner and SfM photogrammetry in measuring erosion and deposition processes in two opposite slopes in a humid badlands area (central Spanish Pyrenees). Soil 1: 561-573.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(39)
Nouwakpo SK, Huang C (2012)A simplified close-range photogrammetric technique for soil erosion assessment. Soil Science Society of America Journal 76: 70-84.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(40)
Nugent C, Kanali C, Owende PMO, Nieuwenhuis M, Ward S (2003)Characteristic site disturbance due to harvesting and extraction machinery traffic onsensitive forest sites with peat soils. Forest Ecology and Management 180 (1-3): 85-98.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(41)
Picchio R, Neri F, Petrini E, Verani S, Marchi E, Certini G (2012)Machinery-induced soil compaction in thinning two pine stands in central Italy. Forest Ecology and Management 285: 38-43.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(42)
Pierzchala M, Talbot B, Astrup R (2014)Estimating soil displacement from timber extraction trails in steep terrain: application of an unmanned aircraft for 3D modelling. Forests 5: 1212-1223.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(43)
Pierzchala M, Talbot B, Astrup R (2016)Measuring wheel ruts with close-range photogrammetry. Forestry 89: 383-391.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(44)
Pinard MA, Barker M, Tay J (2000)Soil disturbance and post-logging forest recovery on bulldozer paths in Sabah, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management 130 (1): 213-225.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(45)
Pirotti F, Travaglini D, Giannetti F, Kutchartt E, Bottalico F, Chirici G (2016)Kernel feature cross-correlation for unsupervised quantification of damage from windthrow in forests. In: Proceedings of the “XXIII ISPRS Congress”. Prague (Czech Republic) 12-19 July 2016. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, volume XLI-B7, pp. 17-22.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(46)
Puliti S, Orka HO, Gobakken T (2015)Inventory of small forest areas using an unmanned aerial system. Remote Sensing 7: 9632-9654.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(47)
Sheridan GJ (2003)A comparison of rubber-tired and steel-tracked skidders on forest soil physical properties. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41: 1063-1075.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(48)
Spinelli R, Magagnotti N, Nati C (2010)Benchmarking the impact of traditional small-scale logging systems used in Mediterranean forestry. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 1997-2001.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(49)
Talbot B, Pierzchala M, Astrup R (2017)Applications of remote and proximal sensing for improved precision forest operations. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 38 (2): 327-336.
Online |
Gscholar
(50)
Turner D, Lucieer A, Watson C (2012)An automated technique for generating georectified mosaics from ultra-high resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, based on structure from motion (SFM) point clouds. Remote Sensing 4: 1392-1410.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(51)
USDA Soil Taxonomy (1990)Keys to soil taxonomy (4th edn). Soil Survey Staff, USDA Soil Conservation Service, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA, pp. 422.
Gscholar
(52)
Venanzi R, Picchio R, Piovesan G (2016)Silvicultural and logging impact on soil characteristics in Chestnut (
Castanea sativa Mill.) Mediterranean coppice. Ecological Engineering 92: 82-89.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(53)
Verhoeven G, Doneus M, Briese C, Vermeulen F (2012)Mapping by matching: a computer vision-based approach to fast and accurate georeferencing of archaeological aerial photographs. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 2060-2070.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(54)
Vericat D, Smith MW, Brasington J (2014)Patterns of topographic change in sub-humid badlands determined by high resolution multi- temporal topographic surveys. Catena 120: 164-176.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(55)
Wallbrink PJ, Roddy BP, Olley JM (2002)A tracer bugdet quantification soil redistribution on hillslopes after forest harvesting. Catena 47: 179-201.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(56)
Wang DY, Qing CL, Guo TY, Guo YJ (1997)Effects of humic acid on transport and transformation of mercury in soil-plant systems. Water, Air, and Soil pollution 95: 35-43.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(57)
Warner WS (1995)Mapping a three-dimensional soil surface with hand-held 35 mm photography. Soil and Tillage Research 34: 187-197.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(58)
Williamson JR, Neilsen WA (2000)The influence of forest site on rate and extent of soil compaction and profile disturbance of skid trails during ground-based harvesting. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1196-1205.
CrossRef |
Gscholar
(59)
Wood MJ, Moffat AJ, Carling PA (2003)Improving the design of slash roads used to reduce soil disturbance during mechanized harvesting of coniferous forest plantations in the UK. Journal of Forest Engineering 14: 11-23.
Gscholar
(60)
Woodget AS, Carbonneau PE, Visser F, Maddock I (2014)Quantifying submerged fluvial topography using hyperspatial resolution UAS imagery and structure from motion photogrammetry. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 40 (1): 47-64.
CrossRef |
Gscholar