*
 

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry

*

Revisiting the Heat Field Deformation (HFD) method for measuring sap flow

Nadezhda Nadezhdina   

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 118-130 (2018)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2381-011
Published: Feb 07, 2018 - Copyright © 2018 SISEF

Review Papers


The Heat Field Deformation (HFD) technique is a thermodynamic method for measuring sap flow. Based on continuous heating the HFD method allows for high time resolution measurements which are highly important when studying plant responses to abrupt environmental changes. This work provides a succinct review of previously described features of the HFD methodology. Analyzing symmetrical and asymmetrical temperature differences around a measured linear heater (dTsym and dTas) relative to their ratio dTsym/dTas (so called a K-diagram) is at the heart of this methodology. This key concept, however, has to date only been generally described in previous works on the HFD technique. My objective here is to provide a comprehensive overview describing different types of K-diagrams, their interpretation and application for determining K-values or dTas for a zero flow condition. The K-value is a measured parameter which is particularly important for objectively characterizing heat conducting properties at the sensor insertion point under specific local measurement conditions. Correctly determining the K-value is critical for accurately calculating sap flow based on recorded temperature measurements. I have included in this review several examples demonstrating how the K-value is dependent upon changes to the environment and its important role in sap flow estimation.

  Keywords


K-diagram, K/R-diagram, K-value, Sap Flow per Section, Sap Flux Density, Sensor

Authors’ address

(1)
Nadezhda Nadezhdina
Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelská 3, 61300 Brno (Czech Republic)

Corresponding author

 
Nadezhda Nadezhdina
nadezdan@mendelu.cz

Citation

Nadezhdina N (2018). Revisiting the Heat Field Deformation (HFD) method for measuring sap flow. iForest 11: 118-130. - doi: 10.3832/ifor2381-011

Academic Editor

Jesus Julio Camarero

Paper history

Received: Jan 30, 2017
Accepted: Jan 17, 2018

First online: Feb 07, 2018
Publication Date: Feb 28, 2018
Publication Time: 0.70 months

Breakdown by View Type

(Waiting for server response...)

Article Usage

Total Article Views: 19015
(from publication date up to now)

Breakdown by View Type
HTML Page Views: 14349
Abstract Page Views: 881
PDF Downloads: 3213
Citation/Reference Downloads: 16
XML Downloads: 556

Web Metrics
Days since publication: 2242
Overall contacts: 19015
Avg. contacts per week: 59.37

Article Citations

Article citations are based on data periodically collected from the Clarivate Web of Science web site
(last update: Nov 2020)

Total number of cites (since 2018): 8
Average cites per year: 2.67

 

Publication Metrics

by Dimensions ©

Articles citing this article

List of the papers citing this article based on CrossRef Cited-by.

 
(1)
Bleby MT, McElrone JA, Burgess SSO (2008)
Limitations of the HRM: great at low flow rates, but not yet up to speed? In: Proceedings of the “7th International Workshop on Sap Flow”. Seville (Spain) 21-24 Oct 2008. Book of Abstracts, International Society of Horticultural Sciences, Seville, Spain, pp. 57.
Gscholar
(2)
Borja I, Svetlik J, Nadezhdin V, Cermák J, Rosner S, Nadezhdina N (2013)
Sap flow dynamics as a diagnostic tool in Norway spruce. In: Proceedings of the “9th International Workshop on Sap Flow”. Ghent (Belgium) 04-07 June 2013. Acta Horticulturae 991: 31-36.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(3)
Borja I, Svetlik J, Nadezhdin V, Cermák J, Rosner S, Nadezhdina N (2016)
Sap flux - a real time assessment of health status in Norway spruce. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 31: 450-457.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(4)
Burgess SSO, Adams MA, Turner NC, Ong CK (1998)
The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems. Oecologia 115: 306-311.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(5)
Burgess SSO, Adams MA, Turner NC, Beverly CR, Ong CK, Khan AAH, Bleby TM (2001)
An improved heat pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants. Tree Physiology 21: 589-598.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(6)
Cermák J, Deml M, Penka M (1973)
A new method of sap flow rate determination in trees. Biologia Plantarum 15: 171-178.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(7)
Cermák J, Kučera J, Penka M (1976)
Improvement of the method of sap flow rate determination in adult trees based on heat balance with direct electric heating of xylem. Biologia Plantarum 18: 105-110.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(8)
Cohen Y, Fuchs M, Green GC (1981)
Improvement of the Heat Pulse Method for determining sap flow in trees. Plant Cell Environment 4: 391-397.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(9)
David TS, David JS, Pinto CA, Cermák J, Nadezhdin V, Nadezhdina N (2012)
Hydraulic connectivity from roots to branches depicted through sap flow: analysis on a Quercus suber tree. Functional Plant Biology 39: 103-115.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(10)
Daum CR (1967)
A method for determining water transport in trees. Ecology 48 (3): 425-431.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(11)
Fuchs S, Leuschner C, Link R, Coners H, Schuldt B (2017)
Calibration and comparison of thermal dissipation, heat ratio and heat field deformation sap flow probes for diffuse-porous trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 244-245: 151-161.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(12)
Granier A (1985)
A new method to measure the raw sap flux in the trunk of trees. Annals of Forest Science 42: 193-200.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(13)
Hanssens J, De Swaef T, Nadezhdina N, Steppe K (2013)
Measurement of sap flow dynamics through the tomato peduncle using a non-invasive sensor based on the heat field deformation method. In: Proceedings of the “9th International Workshop on Sap Flow”. Ghent (Belgium) 04-07 June 2013. Acta Horticulturae 991: 409-416.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(14)
Hanssens J, De Swaef T, Steppe K (2015)
High light decreases xylem contribution to fruit growth in tomato. Plant, Cell and Environment 38: 487-498.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(15)
Ittner E (1968)
Der Tagesgang der Geschwindigkeit des Transpirationsstromes im Stamme einer 75-jahrigen Fichte [The diurnal speed of the transpiration stream in the trunk of the 75-year old Spruce]. Oecologia Plantarum 3: 177-183. [in German]
Gscholar
(16)
Kučera J, Cermák J, Penka M (1977)
Improved thermal method of continual recording the transpiration flow rate dynamics. Biologia Plantarum 19: 413-420.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(17)
Leyton L (1970)
Problems and techniques in measuring transpiration from trees. In: “Physiology of tree crops” (Luckwill LC, Cutting CV eds). Academic Press, London-New York, pp. 101-112.
Online | Gscholar
(18)
Marshall DC (1958)
Measurements of sap flow in conifers by heat transport. Plant Physiology 33: 385-396.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(19)
Nadezhdina N (1989)
A physiological algorithm of woody plant irrigation control under air drought. Fiziologia Rastenij 36: 972-979. [in Russian]
Gscholar
(20)
Nadezhdina N (1992)
Apple tree water relations studied by means of the relative rate of water flow in the trunk xylem. Biologia Plantarum 34: 431-437.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(21)
Nadezhdina N (1998)
Temperature gradients around a linear heater due to moving sap. In: Proceedings of the “4th International Workshop on Measuring Sap Flow in Intact Plants” (Cermák J, Nadezhdina N eds). Zidlochovice (Czech republic) 3-5 Oct 1998. Publishing House of Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 65-71.
Gscholar
(22)
Nadezhdina N (1999)
Sap flow index as an indicator of plant water status. Tree Physiology 19: 885-891.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(23)
Nadezhdina N (2000)
Specificity of sap flow index for mist irrigation control. Acta Horticulturae 537: 479-486.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(24)
Nadezhdina N (2010)
Integration of water transport pathways in a maple tree: responses of sap flow to branch severing. Annals of Forest Science 67 (1): 107-107.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(25)
Nadezhdina N (2012)
A simplified equation for sap flow calculation based on the Heat-Field Deformation (HFD) measurements. In: Proceedings of the “8th International Workshop on Sap Flow”. Volterra (Italy) 09-13 May 2011. Acta Horticulturae 951: 117-120.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(26)
Nadezhdina N (2013)
Heat Field Deformation sensors for sap flow measurements in small stems. In: Proceedings of the “9th International Workshop on Sap Flow”. Ghent (Belgium) 04-07 June 2013. Acta Horticulturae 991: 53-60.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(27)
Nadezhdina N, Nadezhdin V (2017)
Are Dracaena nebulophytes able to drink atmospheric water? Environmental and Experimental Botany 139: 57-66.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(28)
Nadezhdina N, Cermák J, Nadezhdin V (1998)
Heat field deformation method for sap flow measurements. In: Proceedings of the “4th International Workshop on measuring sap flow in intact plants” (Cermák J, Nadezhdina N eds.) Zidlochovice (Czech Republic) 3-5 Oct 1998. Publishing House of Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 72-92.
Gscholar
(29)
Nadezhdina N, Tributsch H, Cermák J (2004)
Infra-red images of heat field around a linear heater and sap flow in stems of lime trees under natural and experimental conditions. Annals of Forest Science 61: 203-213.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(30)
Nadezhdina N, Cermák J, Gasparek J, Nadezhdin V, Prax A (2006)
Vertical and horizontal water redistribution within Norway spruce (Picea abies) roots in the Moravian upland. Tree Physiology 26: 1277-1288.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(31)
Nadezhdina N, Nadezhdin V, Ferreira MI, Pitacco A (2007)
Variability with xylem depth in sap flow in trunks and branches of mature olive trees. Tree Physiology 27: 105-113.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(32)
Nadezhdina N, Steppe K, De Pauw DJW, Bequet R, Cermák J, Ceulemans R (2009)
Stem-mediated hydraulic redistribution in large roots on opposing sides of a Douglas-fir tree following localized irrigaton. New Phytologist 184: 932-943.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(33)
Nadezhdina N, David TS, David JS, Ferreira IM, Dohnal M, Tesar M, Gartner K, Leitgeb E, Nadezhdin V, Cermák J, Jimenez MS, Morales D (2010)
Trees never rest: the multiple facets of hydraulic redistribution. Ecohydrology 3 (4): 431-444.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(34)
Nadezhdina N, Vandegehuchte MW, Steppe K (2012)
Sap flow measurements based on the Heat Field Deformation method. Trees 26: 1439-1448.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(35)
Nadezhdina N, Cermák J, Downey A, Nadezhdin V, Peramaki M, David JS, Pinto C, David TS (2015)
Sap flow index as an indicator of water storage use. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63: 124-133.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(36)
Saddler HDW, Pitman MG (1970)
An apparatus for the measurement of sap flow in unexcised leafy shoots. Journal of Experimental Botany 21: 1048-1059.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(37)
Sakuratani TA (1981)
Heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 37: 9-17.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(38)
Steppe K, De Pauw DJW, Doody TM, Teskey RO (2010)
A comparison of sap flux density using thermal dissipation, heat pulse velocity and heat field deformation methods. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150: 1046-1056.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(39)
Svetlik J, Borja I, Rosner S, Cermák J, Nadezhdin V, Nadezhdina N (2013)
Differential translucence method as a supplement to sap flow measurement in Norway spruce with symptoms of top dieback. In: Proceedings of the “9th International Workshop on Sap Flow”. Ghent (Belgium) 04-07 June 2013. Acta Horticulturae 991: 285-292.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(40)
Tatarinov FA, Kučera J, Cienciala E (2005)
The analysis of physical background of tree sap flow measurement based on thermal methods. Measuring Science Technology 16: 1157-1169.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(41)
Tikhov PV (1979)
Heat method for continuous measurements of relative sap flow rate in xylem of woody plants. In: “Biophysical methods of studying ecophysiology of woody plants”. Nauka, Leningrad, Russia, pp. 68-95. [in Russian]
Gscholar
(42)
Tributsch H, Cermák J, Nadezhdina N (2005)
Kinetic studies of the tensile state of water in trees. Journal of Physical Chemistry 109: 17693-17707.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(43)
Tributsch H, Nadezhdina N, Cermák J (2006)
Infrared images of heat fields around a linear heater in tree trunks: what can be learned about sap flow measurement? Annals of Forest Science 63 (7): 1-8.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(44)
Vandegehuchte MW, Steppe K (2012a)
Sapflow+: a four-needle heat-pulse sap flow sensor enabling nonempirical sap flux density and water content measurements. New Phytologist 196: 306-317.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(45)
Vandegehuchte MW, Steppe K (2012b)
Interpreting the Heat Field Deformation method: erroneous use of thermal diffusivity and improved correlation between temperature ratio and sap flux density. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 162-163: 91-97.
CrossRef | Gscholar
(46)
Vieweg GH, Ziegler H (1960)
Thermoelektrische Registrierung der Geschwindigkeit des Transpirationsstromes [Thermoelectric registration of the speed of the transpiration stream]. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 73: 221-226. [in German]
Gscholar
 

This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. More info